One classic “tradeoffs” of sexual reproduction is the risk of acquiring sexual transmitted diseases. But if we now consider that many microbial and viruses associations survive or have been integrated inside the eukaryotic organism (ie “mutualistic”), this allow us to consider sexual contact as a chance to acquire symbiotic associates. In aphids symbiotic bacteria are inherited maternally, this has been demonstrated to be very conservative in parthenogenetic populations. One way to acquire the symbiont is by ingesting it in diets or by microinjections. Alternatively during sexual reproduction, male-borne symbionts can be acquired by females and subsequently transferred to sexually or parthenogenetic generated offspring. This transference is stable trough generations and can establish inheritable acquired characters such as defense towards natural enemies or resistance to heat.


This is the case of the worldwide distributed pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this insect, besides the main Buchnera aphidicola simbiont (that is required for “normal” development and reproduction), other three bacterial symbionts may be present: Candidatus “Hamiltonella defense”, Candidatus “Serratia symbiotica”, and Candidatus “Regiella insecticola” (all members of Enterobacteriaceae). Different aphid population can present from zero to all of those bacterias. Aphids (in their native habitats) usually have all female parthenogenetic reproduction from spring to autumn, then a single generation of sexually reproducing offprings is born (this is related with the shortening of the photoperiod), as a result of copulation these females will lay overwintering eggs and restart the cycle of parthenogenetic reproduction (Fig.1).

Figure 1: Schema of aphid life cycle using A. pisum as example

During copulation, male insects transfer sperm as well as other substances produced from accessory glands. In this, sexually transmitted viruses and bacteria can be transferred to the female. In the case of the pea aphids symbionts present in the male aphid gonads (Fig. 2) R. insecticola can be transferred to the female by the seminal fluid. This has been tested simulating the sexual reproduction season in laboratory strains with and without the different bacterial symbionts and it was demonstrated that copulation between a male carrier with a non infected female can result in a venereal horizontal transmission of the bacterial symbionts! (Moran & Dunbar, 2006).Thus the female and the following parthenogenetic strain generated acquire the symbiotic association.

Interestingly, the acquired association between the aphid and the different Enterobacteriaceae could generate changes in the organism relation with the environment such as the acquired ability to survive parasitoid wasp infections, fungal pathogens, and expansions in the insect niche thanks to acquired ability to use other host plant or to become resistant to a broader range of temperature.
This show again the relevance of understands the organism as a creative onto-phylogenetic dynamic process of development. Better than to focus only on the phenotypic filter as a motor of evolutionary processes.

Figure 2: Localization of the symbionts within the male reproductive system (from Moran & Dunbar, 2006) by using FISH probe matching the 16S rRNA sequence of R. insecticola (green and bright yellow) and with propidium iodide DNA counterstain (red), (Scale bars, 0.1 mm.).

Diablete

References:

Moran NA & Dunbar HE (2006) Sexual acquisition of beneficial symbionts in aphids. PNAS, vol. 103, 34, 12803–12806.