Discute primeiro a evolução de famílias gênicas. "The highly conserved genes stay in the genome not because of a low mutation rate but because of a high degre of purifying selection [...] Despite this conservative nature of amino acid substitution, multigene families may evolve relatively fast because of the rapid change of the number of member genes." Um exemplo interessante é discutido:"One of the most conspicuous is the variation of olfactory receptor (OR) genes among vertebrate species. In this gene family, the number of functional OR genes is 1,000 in mice but 396 in humans. Interestingly, humans have more pseudogenes than mice, the proportion of pseudogenes being 55% in humans and 24% in mice. Dogs, which are supposed to have a good sense of smell, have 811 functional genes and 289 pseudogenes. However, the most notable organism in this respect is the chicken, which has only 82 functional genes but 478 pseudogenes."
Ele propõe que "the number [of genes] has fluctuated by random duplication and deletion of genes. We may call this event random genomic drift, in analogy with random genetic drift of allele frequencies in population genetics. This random genomic drift is apparently an important factor for the evolution of phenotypic characters. If the number of gene copies increases or decreases by chance for a group of individuals, these individuals may be able to adapt to a new environment." Ou seja, novos genes gerados ao acaso e funcionalmente "livres", são utilizados na realização de novas ontogenias.
Depois Nei discute a regulação gênica e sua atividade em rede: "In the past, it has been customary to treat each gene as a unit of evolution in population genetics. In reality, however, a large number of genes interact with one another temporally or spatially in the developmental process, and therefore the evolution of phenotypic characters should be studied by taking into account this gene interaction. If a character is controlled by a large number of interacting genes, it is possible that the
genetic networks involved are robust and resistant to the effects of deleterious mutations. At the same time, the effects of advantageous mutations also may not be manifested significantly in a genetic network with many different developmental pathways. If this is the case, a large proportion of mutations may evolve in a more or less neutral fashion". Ou seja, ele passa a considerar a evolução da estrutura genética, não apenas a evolução de seus componentes.
Nei segue então com uma interessante argumentação, terminando com um comentário sobre a ênfase das pesquisas atuais na importância de mutações em regiões não codificantes para a evolução morfológica (se referindo implicitamente ao "programa forte" da evo-devo, que vê a evolução morfológica como o resultado da seleção em "master genes") Conclui: "These results indicate that most nucleotide substitutions in the regulatory region evolve in a more or less neutral fashion, similar to those in the proteincoding region. It is therefore possible that the evolutionary change of gene regulation is also controlled by major gene mutations."
Ele termina o artigo re-enfatizando o papel negativo da seleção (censurando o inviável) e o papel positivo da mutação: "If the new form of mutation theory described here is right, even in its crudest form, more emphasis should be given on the roles of mutation in the study of evolution."
Existem outras coisas louváveis no artigo (e também outras questionáveis). Quem quiser mais, sugiro que o leia. Eu resumiria a proposta positiva de Nei com o esquema de capacitação que eu vi do Mpodozis e do Vargas (IMAGEM CORRIGIDA):
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