<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867</id><updated>2012-01-28T12:26:16.458-08:00</updated><category term='nicho ontogénico'/><category term='herencia epigenética'/><category term='sexo'/><category term='comportamiento'/><category term='filoepigénesis'/><category term='Mitraria'/><category term='parasitismo'/><category term='filtro fenotipico'/><category term='DST'/><category term='desarrollo'/><category term='quimiopercepcion'/><category term='Asteranthera'/><category term='darwinismo'/><category term='creacionismo v/s evolucion'/><category term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category term='filogenia'/><category term='especiacion simpatrica'/><category term='epistemologia'/><category term='sesgos perceptuales'/><category term='ecologia'/><category term='aprendizaje'/><category term='macroevolución'/><category term='especiación'/><category term='evo-devo'/><category term='epistemología'/><category term='paleontologia'/><category term='herencia'/><category term='epigenesis'/><category term='autopoiesis'/><category term='homeosis'/><category term='exclusão competitiva'/><category term='monstruos esperanzados'/><category term='interacciones'/><category term='adaptacion'/><category term='sistemas'/><category term='acoplamiento estructural'/><category term='simbiosis'/><category term='foresis'/><category term='asimilacion genica'/><category term='epistemologia.'/><category term='inercia filogenetica'/><category term='Gesneriaceae'/><category term='selección'/><category term='holoepiphyte'/><category term='deriva ecológica'/><category term='Phyloepigenetics'/><category term='teleología'/><category term='asimilación genética'/><category term='genetica cuantitativa'/><category term='diseño inteligente vs evolucion'/><category term='ontogenia'/><category term='Chile'/><category term='epigenetic permeability'/><category term='transferencia horizontal'/><category term='nicho'/><category term='zoología'/><category term='metáfora digital'/><category term='especiacion cromosomica'/><category term='Sarmienta.'/><category term='microevolución'/><category term='Coronanthereae'/><category term='historia de la biologia'/><category term='plasticidad'/><category term='deriva natural'/><category term='Hubbell'/><category term='internalizacion'/><title type='text'>Bienvenidos a:</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>141</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-1370336441208542204</id><published>2011-04-10T19:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-10T19:12:58.338-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; Una de las hipótesis con relación a la limitación del tamaño corporal en insectos esta relacionada con el sistema respiratorio de éstos y la disponibilidad de oxigeno...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object width="480" height="392"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xd1e5n"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.dailymotion.com/swf/video/xd1e5n" width="480" height="392" wmode="transparent" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xd1e5n_evolucion-oxigeno-y-tamano-de-los-i_school" target="_blank"&gt;Evolucion: Oxigeno y tama&amp;ntilde;o de los insectos&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;por &lt;a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/raulespert" target="_blank"&gt;raulespert&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-1370336441208542204?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/1370336441208542204/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=1370336441208542204' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1370336441208542204'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1370336441208542204'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2011/04/una-de-las-hipotesis-con-relacion-la.html' title=''/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7962113068853561749</id><published>2010-04-14T07:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-14T09:02:33.521-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='holoepiphyte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Coronanthereae'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mitraria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Asteranthera'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sarmienta.'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Chile'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gesneriaceae'/><title type='text'>EPIPHYTIC GROWTH HABITS OF CHILEAN GESNERIACEAE AND THE EVOLUTION OF EPIPHYTES WITHIN THE TRIBE CORONANTHEREAE</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="font-family:arial;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;M. Fernanda Salinas, Mary T. K. Arroyo and Juan J. Armesto &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 97: 117–127. PUBLISHED ON 31 MARCH 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460024043601010034" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 221px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 298px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S8Xm8G_uHXI/AAAAAAAAAxA/6qUe7YHBTlg/s400/cyrthawaii.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Three monotypic and endemic genera of epiphytic Gesneriaceae (Gesnerioideae, Coronanthereae) occur in temperate rainforests of southern South America. In this article, intraspecific differences in rooted substrate and interspecific variation in epiphytic growth habits among these three Gesneriaceae species were assessed. The presence or absence of plants on the ground and main rooted substrate when growing epiphytically on trees were used to characterize epiphytic growth habits in two old-growth temperate rainforests of northern Chiloe´ Island in Chile. An evolutionary interpretation based on reported phylogenies and morphologies within the Coronanthereae is proposed. Two species of Chilean Gesneriaceae, Mitraria coccinea Cav. and Asteranthera ovata (Cav.) Hanst., originate from the forest floor, then climb on trees while maintaining their main roots in the ground, and are classified as secondary hemiepiphytes. The third species, Sarmienta repens Ruiz &amp;amp; Pav., was found exclusively on tree trunks and branches of living and dead trees and thus may be classified as a holoepiphyte. Based on reported phylogenies and biogeographical, ecological, and morphological data, the mechanically independent arboreal habit appears to be the ancestral condition in the Coronanthereae, which in turn gave rise to the climbing habit and finally the holoepiphytic habit. This may be a common evolutionary pathway toward holoepiphytism within other lineages in the Gesneriaceae.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7962113068853561749?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7962113068853561749/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7962113068853561749' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7962113068853561749'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7962113068853561749'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2010/04/epiphytic-growth-habits-of-chilean.html' title='EPIPHYTIC GROWTH HABITS OF CHILEAN GESNERIACEAE AND THE EVOLUTION OF EPIPHYTES WITHIN THE TRIBE CORONANTHEREAE'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S8Xm8G_uHXI/AAAAAAAAAxA/6qUe7YHBTlg/s72-c/cyrthawaii.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-1712749289785839264</id><published>2010-04-05T12:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-04-05T14:17:54.738-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Behavioral development not Genetic Kin Selection!...may explain origins of sociality</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;It has been proposed that one of the traits that are involved in the origin of sociality is the tolerance among individuals belonging to the same species. This means that the transition from solitary to social life requires the regulation of aggressiveness and the evolution of intraspecific recognition. This is also known as kin recognition, now, when we look at the ideas to explain the origin and maintenance of this trait, there are some contrasting approaches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;The sociobiological school, propose that individuals bearing the same genes may be able to recognize themselves, this correspond to an evolutionary adaptation that allow them to collaborate and keep cohesion of related group of individual. This idea has flourished in the field of behavioral ecology and the mainstream neodarwinian culture, it has been suggested even to explain altruism in humans. However, despite the benefits suggested on the theoretical models for a genetic kin selection, these proposals are often not supported with explanatory mechanism for the occurrence of such kin recognition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;Alternatively to this approach, it have been suggested that the recognition and acceptance of individuals belonging to a defined group correspond to an emergent property due to behavioral development, where the signals present during the construction of the kin fidelity responses are molded by the available cues, these cues can originated either in the group (kin reference) or even derive from the organism itself that is developing its responses (self reference).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pSGTlE7LI/AAAAAAAAAw4/jPHXuIBm5as/s1600/Fig+1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 169px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pSGTlE7LI/AAAAAAAAAw4/jPHXuIBm5as/s400/Fig+1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456764166801255602" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;One suitable system to study the jump from solitary to social life and the origin and maintenance of intraspecific recognition is constituted by the Xylocopinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae). This group is held as the sister group for all other Apidae subfamilies, and thus it may very likely be the less derived. In addition it contains species that goes from solitary to social life in relation to nesting behavior. Among the solitary species some exhibit features more often present in social species, some of these are related to parental care, contact between related individuals and also tolerance between nestmates. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Manueli apostica &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;is one of these solitary bees, it belong to the monogenerial tribe Manuelini inside Xylocopine, a group mainly presented on continental Chile. In these bees, female construct nests inside the dead stem of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Chusquea quila&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt; (Poaceae: Bambuseae), in these developing offspring are isolated by the mother in single compartments together with food supplies (Figure 1).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;In this group, Dr. Luis Flores-Prado and collaborators from Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile,  have found that the recognition of nestmates individuals and tolerance is either developed from cues present on food masses and nest material provided by the mother or on cues acquired by the insect themselves, also known as self referencing (Experiment 1, Figure 2). In a newly published research Dr Flores-Prado and co. performed a recognition test between two non-kin individuals (a foster and a non manipulated one, Experiment 2, comparison A) developed in the same nest, thus they will experience the same breeding environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;Furthermore, they compared between two kin females developed in different nest, which were not used as sources of other test (Experiment 2, comparison B). So, this means same kin different environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pR_eajp7I/AAAAAAAAAww/op7Iz1m6IkY/s1600/Figure+2+copy.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 145px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pR_eajp7I/AAAAAAAAAww/op7Iz1m6IkY/s320/Figure+2+copy.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456764049450837938" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;These transplant design allow them to disentangle if kin recognition is achieved due to the cues from food provisioning or from cues that the bee obtain from itself. These experiments demonstrated that non-kin females developed in the same nest were more intolerant (and less tolerant) with each other than kin females developed in different nests (Figure 3). Thus, kin recognition was occurring. Individuals of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;M&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;postica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt; are physically isolated while developing up to the adult stage prior to the destruction of cell partitions, and there is no direct contact between them and their mother after oviposition. In addition, non-volatile compounds (such as cuticular hydrocarbons) mediate nesmate recognition in this specie (at has been demonstrated by Dr. Flores-Prado). Based on these evidences the authors suggest that cues used in this “kin” recognition do not correspond to an especially unique kin cues and that kin recognition in this bee specie has occurred through self-referent phenotype matching. Just in the same way chicken embryos are able to develop its how-to-peek on a spot behavior due to the cues derived from the movements of their own organs inside the egg, one of the many amazing examples of behavioral developments discovered by Z.Y. Kuo in the beginning of the XX century. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'courier new';"&gt;Cristian Villagra &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pR2jSE3gI/AAAAAAAAAwo/pfeVtZMx4WU/s1600/FIG+3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 317px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pR2jSE3gI/AAAAAAAAAwo/pfeVtZMx4WU/s320/FIG+3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456763896138620418" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;Flores-Prado L Chiappa E  &amp;amp; Niemeyer HM Nesting biology, life cycle, and interactions between females of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Manuelia postica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;, a solitary species of the Xylocopinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;35:93-102.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Flores-Prado, L. Aguilera-Olivares D. &amp;amp; Niemeyer H.M. 2008 Nest-mate recognition in Manuelia postica (Apidae: Xylocopinae): an eusocial trait is present in a solitary bee. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 285–291.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  ;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Flores-Prado L &amp;amp; Niemeyer HM 2010 Kin Recognition in the largely Solitary Bee, Manuelia postica (Apidae: Xylocopinae). Ethology 115:1–6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Hamilton, W. D. 1964a The genetical evolution of social behavior, I. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1–16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  ;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Hamilton, W. D. 1964b The genetical evolution of social behavior, II. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 17–52.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Mateo, J. M. 2004: Recognition systems and biologicalorganisation: the perception component of social recognition.Ann. Zool. Fenn. 41, 729&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span lang="en-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;-745.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  ;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Michener CD 2000. The bees of the world. Baltimore, Maryland, The John Hopkins University Press. 913 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 200%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-1712749289785839264?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/1712749289785839264/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=1712749289785839264' title='7 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1712749289785839264'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1712749289785839264'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2010/04/behavioral-development-not-genetic-kin_05.html' title='Behavioral development not Genetic Kin Selection!...may explain origins of sociality'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S7pSGTlE7LI/AAAAAAAAAw4/jPHXuIBm5as/s72-c/Fig+1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-5986701014657795931</id><published>2010-02-25T14:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-25T14:23:04.956-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A pergunta que Einstein fez à Biologia</title><content type='html'>A Biologia inteira é muito grata à iniciativa de se personificar processos em moléculas. Chegamos até aqui empurrados pelo valor prático de se tratar o organismo como algo composto de partículas muito bem definidas que podem ser isoladas dos processos que participam e estudadas minuciosamente. Tratamos a herança como transmissão de partículas e cá estamos na era pós-genomica. Mas, a despeito do genoma humano, não entendemos muito bem sobre os processos gerativos e conservativos do viver.  Neste contexto, quero aqui relembrar uns experimentos antigos que são seríssimos e depois quero terminar com a pergunta que Einstein fez à Biologia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entre as salamandras Triturus viridescens é comum a ocorrência, natural ou induzida, de poliploidia. Particularmente, o embriologista Frankhauser trabalhava na década de 40 com salamandras que podiam ser haplóides, diplóides ou pentaploides. Era uma situação muito curiosa porque existe uma relação muito linear entre o número de cromossomos e o volume celular: as células que tinham 5 vezes o número de cromossomos eram realmente muito maiores que as células haplóides. Entretanto, e aí está o curioso, Frankhauser observava que as salamandras pentaplóides ou haplóides tinha os órgãos e o corpo com o mesmo tamanho que as salamandras haplóides. Isso acontecia devido às compensações no número de células que compunham cada um dos órgãos. A figura mais conhecida deste trabalho eu mostro abaixo, que trata do diâmetro dos ductos pronéfricos. Percebam que interessante, não importa o tamanho das células, o diâmetro dos ductos pronéfricos é conservado o mesmo porque nas salamandras haplóides esses ductos são feitos de 6-8 células, mas nas salamandras pentaplóides eles são constituídos de 1-2 células. Mudam os componentes, segue conservada a forma. A condição sistêmica grita forte nesse caso!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S4b3Aaovf-I/AAAAAAAAAvw/bRZI21yF3nw/s1600-h/frankhauser+duct.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 180px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S4b3Aaovf-I/AAAAAAAAAvw/bRZI21yF3nw/s400/frankhauser+duct.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5442308786246090722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora vejam que interessante: logo depois de publicar este artigo em 1945, Frankhauser recebeu uma carta do físico Albert Einstein com a seguinte colocação:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;" It is really marvel, the living being. The fact alone that the thing can exist with the three or four fold crhomosome number is extremely remarkable. Most peculiar, however, for me is the fact that, in spite of the enlarged single cell, the size of the animal is not correspondingly increased. It looks as the importance of the cell as rulling element of the whole had been overestimated previously. What the real determinant of form and organization is seems quite obscure."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parece que os problemas biológicos ficam mais claros para quem está de fora da Biologia. Que resposta temos a oferecer a Einstein, tanto tempo depois?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abraços,&lt;br /&gt;Gustavo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referencias:&lt;br /&gt;Frankhauser (1945)  &lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Maintenance of normal structure in heteroploid salamander larvae, through compensation of changes in cell size by adjustment of cell number and cell shap. J Exp. Zool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;00(3) pags. 445-455&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-5986701014657795931?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/5986701014657795931/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=5986701014657795931' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5986701014657795931'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5986701014657795931'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2010/02/pergunta-que-einstein-fez-biologia.html' title='A pergunta que Einstein fez à Biologia'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/S4b3Aaovf-I/AAAAAAAAAvw/bRZI21yF3nw/s72-c/frankhauser+duct.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8225074897281263568</id><published>2009-11-08T12:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-08T17:18:14.218-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Evolution and Development: A predictive science</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;HYPOTHESIS: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 23px; "&gt;Vargas A. 1999 &lt;em style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;The evolution of Arm Size in Theropod Dinosaurs: A Developmental Hypothesis&lt;/em&gt;. Noticiario Mensual MNHN Chile. 338:16-19. &lt;a href="http://vargaslab.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/vargas19991.pdf"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 344px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Svdsd59SnwI/AAAAAAAAArM/mZ4_9ev3tqI/s400/developmental+hypothesis.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401905539084099330" /&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 353px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Svcs9flnr4I/AAAAAAAAAq8/QdA5nKZfwXs/s400/fig+Vargas+1999.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401835713017130882" /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;CONFIRMATION:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Bybee PJ, Lee AH, Lamm E.  2006 Sizing the Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Allosaurus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Assessing Growth Strategy and Evolution of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Ontogenetic Scaling of Limbs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 267:347–359 (2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Svco5SrL9_I/AAAAAAAAAq0/VJbWrigzd8M/s1600-h/allo+graf.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img style="text-decoration: underline;text-align: left; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 247px; " src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Svco5SrL9_I/AAAAAAAAAq0/VJbWrigzd8M/s400/allo+graf.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401831242784831474" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; (..) regression analyses suggest that relative to the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; length of the femur, the lengths of the humerus, ulna, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; tibia increase in length more slowly than isometry pre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 12.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;dicts"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Traducción: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;"los análisis de regresión sugieren que en relación al tamaño del fémur, las longitudes del húmero, ulna y tibia aumentan en longitud más lento de lo que predice la isometría"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8225074897281263568?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8225074897281263568/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8225074897281263568' title='1 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8225074897281263568'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8225074897281263568'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/11/evo-devo-is-predictive-science.html' title='Evolution and Development: A predictive science'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Svdsd59SnwI/AAAAAAAAArM/mZ4_9ev3tqI/s72-c/developmental+hypothesis.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-1705829194210849468</id><published>2009-10-14T13:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-14T13:49:41.006-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Symbiosis and adaptation</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"&gt;&lt;meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"&gt;&lt;meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CGustavo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"&gt;&lt;link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CGustavo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"&gt;&lt;link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CGustavo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:790553718 -1749491278 68550681 68550683 68550671 68550681 68550683 68550671 68550681 68550683;} @list l0:level1 	{mso-level-text:"%1\)"; 	mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:53.4pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-right:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0cm; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;Associações entre plantas e fungos não são novidades; todos conhecem bem a historia das micorrizas. Mas diferente desse tipo de associação mais de fronteira entre a planta e o solo (que muitas vezes é comparado com a microbiota estabelecida em nossa pele ou intestino), há um mundo interessantíssimo de associações com fungos e bactérias que vivem entranhados no parênquima vegetal – os endófitos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;Bom, reconheço que essa associação não é uma grande novidade, já se sabe disso há algum tempo. Entretanto esta situação passou a ganhar maior atenção recentemente a partir do instante em que se observou que sempre que se fazia um PCR de extratos vegetais puros, aparecia junto a amplificação de seqüências fúngicas. Vale dizer que essa associação endofítica foi, até o presente, encontrada em &lt;u&gt;TODAS&lt;/u&gt;, as plantas analisadas. Vou repetir: &lt;u&gt;TODAS&lt;/u&gt;. Nesse contexto há duas situações dignas de post (e que creio ter feito a Margulis feliz, jajaja).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;1)&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;No parque nacional Yellowstone (aquele dos Geisers), existe uma flora muito particular e “perfeitamente adaptada” aos solos com altas temperaturas e alta acidez. Encontrou-se que a planta &lt;i style=""&gt;Dichanthelium lanuginosum&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Fig esquerda&lt;/span&gt;), só é capaz de agüentar tais condições ambientais devido a uma associação que faz com o fungo endofítico &lt;i style=""&gt;Curvularia protuberata. &lt;/i&gt;Dissociados, nem planta nem fungo, vivem em temperaturas maiores que 38ºC! Mais interessante ainda: esta resistência parece depender de um segmento de RNA viral presente no fungo. Se o fungo não estiver infectado, não há resistência!&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2)&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Um outro exemplo de adaptação à habitats mais extremos conferido por este tipo de associação também ocorre com uma planta de restinga, que cresce em dunas de praias. Encontrou-se que a resistência a salinidade de plantas &lt;i style=""&gt;Leymus mollis&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Fig direita&lt;/span&gt;) nas regiões costaneiras se deve a uma simbiose com um fungo endófito &lt;i style=""&gt;Fusarium culmorum. &lt;/i&gt;Curioso que são plantas de dunas, adaptadas a serem plantas de dunas, mas, se se tira este fungo que está lá dentro junto ao sistema vascular da planta, elas não sobrevivem nas dunas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/StY3S_pDdfI/AAAAAAAAAvg/pzFz8RvqKpk/s1600-h/Dichantheliumlanuginosum.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 280px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/StY3S_pDdfI/AAAAAAAAAvg/pzFz8RvqKpk/s400/Dichantheliumlanuginosum.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392558403283547634" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/StY3a4_bUWI/AAAAAAAAAvo/7y5jsuVeAv0/s1600-h/Leymus_arenarius_habitus.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 260px; height: 189px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/StY3a4_bUWI/AAAAAAAAAvo/7y5jsuVeAv0/s400/Leymus_arenarius_habitus.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392558538937291106" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;Creio que estas associações são muito interessantes e muito sérias pois estão na gênese do estabelecimento de um modo de viver particular. Uma construção de nicho que depende do encontro de duas ontogêneses!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;Por fim, mas não menos importante, cabe ressaltar que encontrei estes exemplos estudando imunologia, porque esta também é uma situação interessante desde o ponto de vista do adoecer. Digo isso porque se saco uma espécie de fungo que faz associação mutualista com um cultivar de tomate e o coloco (este mesmo fungo) em outro varietal de tomate (mesmo background genético), então surge uma associação parasitóide e uma planta doente. Isso nos mostra claramente que o adoecer não é causado por uma bactéria agressora e invasiva, mas sim um resultado que emana de um estabelecimento ou não de uma relação &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;particular entre os dois organismos. Isso é muito diferente da idéia de microorganismos como agencias causadoras do adoecer – uma antiga idéia de Pasteur que ainda é muito aceita na Imunologia atual. Por esses e outros motivos queremos tanto que Biologia e Imunologia se reencontrem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Até Dezembro,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Gustavo&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;Gilbert, SF.&lt;/o:p&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution. 2008.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;Rodriguez R; Redman R. More than 400 million years of evolution and some plants still can’t make it on their own: plant stress tolerance via fungal symbiosis. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 1109–1114, 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-1705829194210849468?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/1705829194210849468/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=1705829194210849468' title='5 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1705829194210849468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1705829194210849468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/10/symbiosis-and-adaptation.html' title='Symbiosis and adaptation'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/StY3S_pDdfI/AAAAAAAAAvg/pzFz8RvqKpk/s72-c/Dichantheliumlanuginosum.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2143227733566578739</id><published>2009-10-09T13:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-09T13:56:11.471-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Limusaurus and bird digit identity</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 19px; font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Vargas AO,  Wagner GP and Gauthier, JA. 2009. &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt; and bird digit identity&lt;/span&gt;. Available from Nature Precedings &lt;http://hdl.handle.net/10101/npre.2009.3828.1&gt; &lt;/http://hdl.handle.net/10101/npre.2009.3828.1&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt; &lt;a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10101/npre.2009.3828.1"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus &lt;/span&gt;is a remarkable herbivorous ceratosaur unique among theropods in having digits II, III and IV, with only a small metacarpal vestige of digit I1. This raises interesting questions regarding the controversial identity of avian wing digits. The early tetanuran ancestors of birds had tridactyl hands with digital morphologies corresponding to digits I, II &amp;amp; III of other dinosaurs2. In bird embryos, however, the pattern of cartilage formation indicates that their digits develop from positions that become digits II, III, &amp;amp; IV in other amniotes3. &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; has been argued to provide evidence that the digits of tetanurans, currently considered to be I, II and III, may actually be digits II, III, &amp;amp; IV, thus explaining the embryological position of bird wing digits1. However, morphology and gene expression of the anterior bird wing digit specifically resemble digit I, not II, of other amniotes4,5. We argue that digit I loss in &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus &lt;/span&gt;is derived and thus irrelevant to understanding the development of the bird wing. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the extremely reduced hand morphology of &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; was once present in the ancestors of birds (Figure 1A), several traits of digits I, II &amp;amp; III must have been lost (Figure 1A, step 1) and then re-evolved on digits II, III &amp;amp; IV (Figure 1A, step 2)1. The alternative is for the extremely reduced morphology of &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; to have evolved in Ceratosauria, while bird ancestors retained digits I, II &amp;amp; III (Figure 1B). Quantitative analysis only favors the II,III,IV identification of tetanuran digits when bird digits are coded as II,III,IV, a category assumption based on embryological position alone1. This is not a truly integrative comparison, since it excludes phalangeal and metacarpal similarities that bird digits share with digits I, II and III of other theropods. When this assumption is removed, the I,II,III identification of tetanuran digits is most parsimonious1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rather than assume the priority of either morphological or embryological data, we propose that a homeotic frameshift occurred in the bird line, such that digits I, II, &amp;amp; III develop from embryological condensations 2, 3 &amp;amp; 46. That hypothesis has been supported by the observed absence of expression of most HoxD genes (&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;HoxD-10, HoxD-11 &lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt; HoxD-12&lt;/span&gt;) only in the anterior digit of the embryonic wing, a feature diagnostic of digit I of mouse4;&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;HoxD-11 &lt;/span&gt;expression in alligator is also absent only in digit I5. Experiments applying Cyclopamine (a down-regulator of Shh signaling) to the early wing bud show a frameshift of both digit morphology and &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;HoxD-12&lt;/span&gt; expression with regard to the pattern of cartilage formation, viz., anterior and middle digits now develop from positions 3 and 4, and the posterior digit normally developing from position 4 is lost7. In our scenario (Figure 1B), a similar frameshift occurred in the raptorial forelimbs of bird ancestors (Figure 1B, step 2), probably upon loss of digit IV in early Tetanurae6,7. The frameshift would be unrelated to digit I loss in the extremely reduced forelimbs of &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; (Figure 1B, step 1). A few metacarpal traits of tetanurans resemble those of digits II,III &amp;amp; IV of other theropods1.  The frameshift could have affected all but these few de-coupled traits, which may provide a morphological signature of the occurrence of the frameshift towards the origin of Tetanurae.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is debatable whether digit morphologies can disappear and re-appear in a different position, and whether such a step-wise process could be considered a homeotic frameshift (as suggested by Xu et al.). While &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; expands our knowledge of digit reduction in theropods, it does&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;not support a strong inference that any loss and re-gain of digital morphologies has actually occurred in the lineage leading to birds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span mce_name="strong" mce_style="font-weight: bold;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Alexander O. Vargas1, Günter P. Wagner2 and Jacques A. Gauthier3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. e-mail: &lt;a href="mailto:thearchosaur@gmail.com" mce_href="mailto:thearchosaur@gmail.com"&gt;thearchosaur@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:thearchosaur@gmail.com" mce_href="mailto:thearchosaur@gmail.com"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: normal; font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Ss-gbCGcnOI/AAAAAAAAAqs/d7e6lnKEsDA/s1600-h/FigmanosNature.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Ss-gbCGcnOI/AAAAAAAAAqs/d7e6lnKEsDA/s400/FigmanosNature.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390703665266597090" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 400px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure 1. Alternative interpretations (A and B) of &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; and the evolution of bird digit morphology. A) &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; represents the morphology of bird ancestors; this implies extreme digit reduction occurred (Step 1: loss of digit I, loss and shortening of phalanges), but thereafter normal I, II, III morphologies re-appeared on digits II, III and IV (Step 2). B) &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Limusaurus&lt;/span&gt; does not represent the morphology of bird ancestors. Extreme digit reduction occurred only in Ceratosauria (Step 1); we propose that a homeotic frameshift accompanied the loss of digit IV (orange) in Tetanurae (Step 2), such that morphology and gene expression of digits I, II and III occur at embryological positions 2, 3 and 46. Colours indicate digit identity according to number of phalanges, morphology and gene expression. The number of phalanges developing at each inferred embryological position is indicated under each hand (x means complete loss of the adult digit). Image modified from Xu et al.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Xu, X., et al. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digit homologies. Nature 459: 940-944 (2009)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Gauthier, J. A. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 8: 1–55 (1986)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Müller, G.B., and Alberch, P. Ontogeny of the limb skeleton in &lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Alligator mississippiensis&lt;/span&gt;: Developmental invariance and change in the evolution of archosaur limbs. J. Morphol. 203: 151–164 (1990)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Vargas AO, Fallon JF. Birds have dinosaur wings: The molecular evidence. J Exp Zool  (Mol Dev Evol) 304B: 86–90. (2005).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Vargas, A.O., Kohlsdorf, T., Fallon, J. F., Brooks, J. V. &amp;amp; Wagner, G. P. The evolution of HoxD-11 expression in the bird wing: insights from&lt;span mce_name="em" mce_style="font-style: italic;" class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Alligator mississippiensis&lt;/span&gt;. PLoS ONE 3, e3325 (2008).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wagner, G. P. &amp;amp; Gauthier, J. A. 1,2,3 = 2,3,4: a solution to the problem of the homology of the digits in the avian hand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 5111–5116 (1999).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Vargas, A.O. &amp;amp; Wagner GP. Frame-shifts of digit identity in bird evolution and Cyclopamine-treated wings. Evolution &amp;amp; Development 11: 163-169 (2009)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2143227733566578739?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2143227733566578739/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2143227733566578739' title='1 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2143227733566578739'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2143227733566578739'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/10/limusaurus-and-bird-digit-identity.html' title='Limusaurus and bird digit identity'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Ss-gbCGcnOI/AAAAAAAAAqs/d7e6lnKEsDA/s72-c/FigmanosNature.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8161058405640123529</id><published>2009-09-06T10:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-06T19:52:59.442-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Paul Kammerer, Epigenética moderna, y Lamarckismo</title><content type='html'>Me disculparán que una vez más le imponga mi persona a este blog comunitario casi a manera de sucia autopropaganda...en fin....jajaja&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Quisiera aprovechar este espacio para hacer algunos comentarios sobre mi recientemente aparecido &lt;a href="http://vargaslab.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/vargas-2009-kammerer.pdf"&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt; en el Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular and Developmental Evolution) titulado "Did Paul Kammerer discover epigenetic inheritance? A modern look at the controversial midwife toad experiments". Este paper fue comentado en un muy buen artículo noticioso en &lt;a href="http://vargaslab.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/kammerer-science.pdf"&gt;Science&lt;/a&gt; que escribió Elizabeth Pennissi. Para los que prefieren una síntesis breve, pueden ver este &lt;a href="http://plataformasinc.es/index.php/esl/Noticias/Reivindican-al-controvertido-Paul-Kammerer-como-padre-de-la-epigenetica"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt; en español,  o este otro, del &lt;a href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2009/09/03/toad-fraud-may-have-been-ahead-of-his-time/"&gt;Smithsonian&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Antes de entrar a leer al propio Kammerer y descubrir los aspectos que sugieren la autenticidad de sus descubrimientos, había escrito posts sobre Kammerer en este blog, &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/02/el-caso-de-los-callos-nupciales-de.html"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/las-yayitas-de-kammerer-suicidio.html"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt; y otro poco &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/phyloepigenetics-ii-reversin-del.html"&gt;aquí&lt;/a&gt;. Muchas gracias, nucleodecenio, por llevarme por el buen camino jaja.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Qué tipo de reacciones podemos esperar ante mi paper? Por parte de la comunidad dedicada al estudio de la epigenética, podemos esperar entusiasmo: Desde hace un tiempo ya que en epigenética se discuten experimentos con reminiscencias Lamarckianas,  y ha sido aquí que se ha generado el conocimiento molecularmente detallado que permite reconocer en los experimentos de Kammerer los fenómenos específicos que sugieren autenticidad. Un ejemplo son los comentarios de Azim Surani sobre este paper, en el artículo aparecido en Science.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sin embargo, desde otras áreas, y especialmente desde la "cultura popular" que sigue el tema de la evolución,  podemos esperar algo de confusión, incomodidad, e inclusive, rechazo. Esto deriva de la lamentablemente difundida costumbre  de reírse frívolamente de Lamarck, sin situarlo en su contexto histórico (trato más que inmerecido para el verdadero padre de la biología evolutiva, quien acuñó además la mismísima palabra "Biología". Grande Lamarck!!!). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Un periodista me preguntó cuál es la diferencia entre Lamarckismo y la Epigenética moderna. Es bastante. El verdadero Lamarckismo es adaptacionista y progresista, incluye generación espontánea, discute las consecuencias evolutivas de la "voluntad", y no tiene resolución molecular alguna.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Resulta mucho más interesante discutir las &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;semejanzas&lt;/span&gt; de la epigenética con el Lamarckismo que existen pese a la gran diferencia de datos disponibles y de momento histórico. Lo semejante, en esencia, es reconocer  que el ambiente puede tener un efecto sobre la herencia. Esta noción también era cabalmente aceptada por el propio Charles Darwin. Pero no así, por los neodarwinistas, que reconocen sólo la mutación,  y al medio como seleccionador, una especie de cedazo de las mutaciones, y no así algo capaz de modificar los genes (como lo es, en efecto, la metilación de genes inducida por el medio).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;En este punto tiene mucha más razón el viejo Lamarck que los neodarwinistas. No se trata de nada verdaderamente extraordinario...la línea germinal no está aislada (sobre todo en el desarrollo temprano) y el medio puede afectarla de manera estable. Esto fue documentado experimentalmente muchas veces, pero hoy, a diferencia de los tiempos pre-moleculares, la simple negación ya no es posible. Lo que sigue siendo posible es el ninguneo. Son muchos los que han construido sus carreras bajo el supuesto de que "estudiar evolución es estudiar selección" y que de seguro seguirán enfatizando sólo el rol del medio como seleccionador.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;La buena noticia: La epigenética ha llegado para quedarse. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cuál es la relevancia si Kammerer fue inocente o no? No tanta, pero tiene. No puede causar una revolución, la inocencia de Kammerer se apoya en los múltiples experimentos realizados en epigenética (y no al revés!!!). Pero si los experimentos de Kammerer son auténticos, hay razón para emocionarse,  ya que Kammerer describió  muchos otros experimentos en muchas especies (lagartos, ascidios, salamandras), con resultados francamente espectaculares... pero eso ya será materia para otro post jajaja&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8161058405640123529?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8161058405640123529/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8161058405640123529' title='11 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8161058405640123529'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8161058405640123529'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/09/paul-kammerer-epigenetica-moderna-y.html' title='Paul Kammerer, Epigenética moderna, y Lamarckismo'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3569669918264399599</id><published>2009-06-16T23:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-17T00:12:49.591-07:00</updated><title type='text'>El concepto sistémico de Homología es la noción de linaje (con ejemplos de simbiosis)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Maturana y  Mpodozis se plantean la evolución en términos de la conservación y cambio de los fenotipos ontogénicos. La repetición de un fenotipo ontogénico caracteriza a un linaje y es posible gracias a la conservación de aspectos del genotipo total (la estructura resultate de la reproducción) así como la conservación de aspectos del nicho ontogénico, el cual comprende el modo de encuentro del ser vivo con el medio (conducta). La repetición transgeneracional de un fenotipo transcurre de manera sistémica,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;y no puede ser reducida, ni al genotipo total, ni al medio. Cuando un nuevo fenotipo ontogénico empieza a conservarse, tenemos que se ha establecido un nuevo linaje.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;En&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;biología evolutiva, la noción de linaje suele relacionarse con ideas poblacionales y de interfecundidad (especies). Sin embargo, estas nociones rara vez rescatan el fenómeno de la conservación de un fenotipo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;característico. La noción sistémica de linaje, a nivel organísmico, permite ver que la conservación sistémica de un fenotipo característico es algo que en realidad es mucho más amplio que el fenómeno de la especie. Maturana y Mpodozis son bastante explícitos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;“Thus, for example, and said explicitly, the ongoing existence of any particular organism entails the simultaneous conservation of: its autopoietic organization (either of first or second order, or both, according to the case), the organization proper to the organism under consideration, the different organizations of its different types of cells, and the different organizations of its different organs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[…]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;"The reproduction of an organism involves or implies as a consequence the simultaneous reproduction of all the subsystems that through their structural intersection with it participate in its realization. It is because of this that the evolutionary history of living systems is a history of conservation and change not only of lineages of organisms (see 3.11 below and also appendix, "lineage" and "phylogeny"), but also of lineages of other kinds of systems that intersect with them in their structural realization"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[…]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;"the same occurs with entities or systems of other kinds, such as organs or systems of organs that as particular subsystems also intersect in their realization with the realization of the living system that carries them. Such systems as organs are also conserved through the reproduction of the system that carries them. We do not usually consider organs as independently existing entities because we do not easily see the domain in which they exist as such. Yet, if we attend to the evolutionary history of organs, we can see that they form lineages defined by the conservation of some particular epigenic morphogenetic pattern through the successive generations of the carrier living system in the conservation of the realization of its niche.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;De esta forma, la repetición sistémica de un fenotipo característico también puede observarse en los distintos sistemas que componen un organismo; es decir, el concepto de linaje abarca el fenómeno de la homología (cuando claramente podemos reconocer la misma estructura, por ejemplo, un riñón, en diferentes especies).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;De manera similar, quisiera agregar aquí a la lista de fenotipos característicos, los propios a las diferencias sexuales. En realidad, hablar del fenotipo característico de una especie sexuada es hablar de dos fenotipos, el del macho y el de la hembra, que se diferencian por el genotipo total y/o el nicho ontogénico (ambos documentados). Desde un punto de vista sistémico, tenemos dos linajes: dos fenotipos característicos que se repiten, y que son tan distinguibles como una especie lo es de otra. Pero en este caso, no hay ningún aislamiento reproductivo y genético entre estos linajes; lo cual pone de relieve que la diferenciación de estos fenotipos ocurre de manera puramente estructural y sistémica. De manera similar, las diferentes castas de los organismos eusociales tienen fenotipos característicos, por lo que  cada uno de ellos constituye un linaje, pese a que toda la comunidad proviene de la reproducción de una sola “reina” (de manera quizás muy similar a cómo los distintos órganos se diferencian pese a haberse originado de un mismo cigoto).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Homología y Simbiosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi- mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Habiendo ya indicado que tanto las homologías como las especies son instancias particulares del concepto sistémico de linaje, no nos debería extrañar demasiado que exista una “zona gris” en la que homología y especie puedan confundirse. En la evolución nos encontramos con esta situación en el establecimiento de relaciones simbióticas. Entre células eucariontes, sabemos que la mitocondria es un endosimbionte; sin esta información, sin embargo, la reconoceríamos como un órgano homólogo y esencial, reconocible a través de las diferentes especies de eucariontes. Un caso recientemente documentado es acaso más enfático: los cnidocystos son un tipo celular de los cnidarios que son muy semejantes a algunos organismos unicelulares (ambos tienen un mecanismo de “arpón”). Esto coincide con la aparición aparentemente “de novo” de muchos genes relacionados al cnidocysto en cnidarios, por lo que se ha planteado que ha ocurrido la asimilación de un simbionte unicelular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=31775867#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;. Nótese que el fenotipo del cnidocysto (especialmente, el arpón) se ha mantenido, pese a que ahora pasó a desarrollarse a partir del genotipo total del cnidario, del mismo ovocito fecundado que para cualquier otro tipo celular del cuerpo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi- mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;El posible origen simbiótico de los cnidocystos nos abre la pregunta: qué tan diferente es realmente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;su caso, del de cualquier otro tipo celular? Cada uno es un linaje que se diferencia de manera sistémica ( y sin participacion de diferencias de ADN, cuyo contenido es el mismo en las diferentes células del cuerpo). La única diferencia es que en el caso del cnidocysto, es posible reconstruir una continuidad histórica de la mantención de ese fenotipo celular, con un linaje que originalmente era independiente y perteneciente a su propia especie. De la endosimbiosis de dos linajes diferentes, pasamos al fenomeno de la homologia. Como en el caso de la mitocondria, el linaje pre-existe por&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;separado, previo a su incorporacion al linaje portador. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi- mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Aun es posible entregar mas ejemplos en que el límite entre distintos tipos de linajes se ha vuelto borroso gracias a la simbiosis; es el caso de una hormiga esclavista, en la que una de sus castas se ha originado por hibridización con otra especie previamente esclavizada; es decir, el fenotipo pre-existía como una especie diferente, antes de existir como una casta de la hormiga esclavista. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi- mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;La repeticion de un tipo característico es un fenómeno que observamos a niveles tan dispares como el de la especie, el sexo, y las &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;homologias; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;ocurre en todos ellos pese a las grandes diferencias en origen ontogénico, reproductivo y evolutivo. Esto pone de relieve una vez más que la conservación de un fenotipo característico es, ante todo, un fenómeno sistémico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;-A. Vargas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="mso-element:footnote-list"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"&gt;    &lt;div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=31775867#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Los cnidocystos también han podido re-desprenderse del cuerpo del cnidario y vuelto a vivir como unicelulares (myxospora)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3569669918264399599?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3569669918264399599/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3569669918264399599' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3569669918264399599'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3569669918264399599'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/06/el-concepto-sistemico-de-homologia-es.html' title='El concepto sistémico de Homología es la noción de linaje (con ejemplos de simbiosis)'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3596537553490546141</id><published>2009-03-22T12:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:17:25.760-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='interacciones'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenetic permeability'/><title type='text'>Plant-Insect Horizontally Tranferred Interaction between Mirmecophyte Plants and Ants</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaTOpAr8mI/AAAAAAAAAuo/ahdETmQwpOY/s400/swollen-thorn+Acacia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316098289893634658" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Figu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;re 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;: hollow thorn Mesoamerican Acacia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 51, 255);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Following the idea of the proceses that allow inter-organims interactions to move from facultative to obligate, lets take a look at the amazing case of acacia trees and its Pseoudomyrmex ants asociates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Among tropical plants, around 100 genera h&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;ost specialized ant colonies in structures called “domatia” and in part of these cases, plants also provide these ants with food.  Ants in this association exhibits intensive territorial and cleaning behavior over the plant. This has as a consequence the expulsion of other herbivores and their eggs, and the detachment of invasive vegetation and sometimes fungi as well. Thus this relationship has been described as mutualistic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Extensive revision of this case has sug&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;gested that the trait making the interaction between myrmecophyte plants a&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;nd ants obligatory is usually the formation of domatia (nesting structures) on the plant. Domatia usually are located on hollow stem and shoots,  hollow thorns (like in the Figure 1), in leaf pouches, petioles or even on fruits. Additionally, some myrmecophytes present plant derived food rewards like food bodies and extrafloral nectar  (EFN) (See Figure  2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;                                                                            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 225px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaT-RoQxuI/AAAAAAAAAu4/cTCyGSRVX6E/s320/Pseudomyrmex+spinicola.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316099108250896098" border="0" /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaUTD0eH1I/AAAAAAAAAvA/lote3MlIx8I/s320/protein-rich+food+body+.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316099465321258834" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Figure 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;: Extrafloral nectar producing structures (upper) and food bodies on aca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;cia tree, visited by Pseoudomyrmex ants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;However, despite these plants and ants seems to be vitally dependent on such interaction, the mutualistic association, even for the ones considered obligate,  is transferred horizontally: both partners reproduce independently and the association has to be established di novo in each subsequent generation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 327px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaVxN99cbI/AAAAAAAAAvI/ah8XzrtIxc0/s400/CLUSTER+ANALYSIS" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316101082953118130" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Figure 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;: Phylogenetic reconstruction of section from Acacia subgenus includying facultative (grey) and obligate ant interacting plants (orange), based on combined data matrix of chloroplast  DNA markers, AFLP cluster analysis (from Heil et al. 2004).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Another trait that has been proposed as relevant of the establishment of obligate plant-ant association correspond to the extrafloral nectar production. Inside the subgenus Acacia, both non-myrmecophyte and myrmecophyte plants release extrafloral nectar (see Figure 3). But the details of how this trait is expressed make the whole difference. In non speci&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;alized plants extrafloral nectar secretion respond positively to mechanical damage, herbivory or to the exogenous application of 1mM solution of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (also involve in other plant-herbivory chemical responses). By the other hand, in general, specialized myrmecophytes exhibit a constitutive (and comparatively slow) nectar release, irrespectively of whether exogenous stimuli applied. Thus the attraction of non-specialized nectar feeders (like unspecialized ants) seems to be related to the plant herbivory response machinery in non-myrmecophytes plants with EFN production, while on myrmecophytes this trait continuously expressed. Moreover, nectar composition on facultative EFN producers has three main sugars: glucose, fructose and sucrose, while myrmecophyte plants lacks sucrose (Figure 4). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 260px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaYJZgLLuI/AAAAAAAAAvY/9zaMoR543xY/s400/SUGAR+PROFILES" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5316103697389530850" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Figure 4&lt;/span&gt;: Chromatograms of relative abundance of sugars in the EFN from non specialized  (left) and myrmecophyte acacias (from Heil et al. 2005). Peaks identified as  G; glucose, F: fructose, S: sucrose. Insert on left of graph is invertase activity in the nectar for each plant expresed as ug glucose released per ul of EFN per minute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;This is the result of post-secretory hydrolysis of the nectar sucrose  on the obligate ant-interacting plant due to invertase activity. Sucrose and other di and trisaccharides are identified as a highly attractive sugars for many non-specialized ants. In nectar choice experiments using non specialized ants and myrmecophyte specialized ants it has been demonstrated that the addition of sucrose to the nectar of the derived myrmecophyte acacia, had triggered the attraction of non specialized ants, that  previously (without sucrose) will not be attracted to the nectar of these plants but to the non-myrmecophyte ones. Contrarily, specialized ants are significantly attracted to nectar without sucrose.  Analysis of digestive enzymes on these ants has repeatedly demonstrated the lower activity of invertases in extracts of the digestive systems of Pseoudomyrmex specialized ants, while the facultative plant interacting ants from the same genus, &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;P. gracilis,&lt;/span&gt; showed greater invertase activity, this specie can actually live independently of acacia trees.  Thus, this suggest that the obligate horizontally transmitted Acacia-Ant association is also supported by the transference of the hydrolysis process to the host plant in the evolution of this tight plant-insect association.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Cristian Villagra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;PS: Follow the link to see a video of this fascinating interaction from the documental series &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u25VzR6yK4Q&amp;amp;feature=related"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;The Secret Life of Plants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Agrawal AA. 1998. Leaf damage and associated cues induce aggressive ant recruitment in a neotropical ant-plant. Ecology 79: 2100–2112.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Heil M, Greiner S, Meimberg H, Krüger R, Noyer J-L, Heubl. G, Linsenmair KE, Boland W. 2004. Evolutionary change from induced to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;constitutive expression of an indirect plant resistance. Nature 430: 205–208.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Heil M, Rattke J, Boland W. 2005. Post-secretory hydrolysis of nectar sucrose and specialization in ant/plant mutualism. Science 308:560–563.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Heil M. 2008 Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions. New Phytologist 178: 41–61.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3596537553490546141?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3596537553490546141/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3596537553490546141' title='10 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3596537553490546141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3596537553490546141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/03/plant-insect-horizontally-tranferred.html' title='Plant-Insect Horizontally Tranferred Interaction between Mirmecophyte Plants and Ants'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/ScaTOpAr8mI/AAAAAAAAAuo/ahdETmQwpOY/s72-c/swollen-thorn+Acacia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>10</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-357833043740729221</id><published>2009-03-03T06:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-09T21:14:45.485-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='homeosis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>Homeosis de dedos de dinosaurios: Cuando la evolución predice las posibilidades del desarrollo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;En el desarrollo del ala de las aves, es patente que los dedos se desarrollan a partir de primordios cartilaginosos que se convierten en los dedos 2,3 y 4 (indice, medio, y anular) en otros amniotos. Incluso se puede observar transitoriamente una pequeña condensación cartilaginosa anterior que sería un vestigio del dedo 1 (pulgar) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 301px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SbXnFjBBEEI/AAAAAAAAAqM/D3VvjzCUCKo/s400/ostrich.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311405418038235202" /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sin embargo, el registro fósil documenta con detalle la transición de dinosaurios terópodos a aves, y en este caso nos cuenta una historia completamente distinta, ya que en esta transición los dedos 4 y 5 (anular y meñique) se hicieron más pequeños y desaparecieron, quedando sólo las morfologías de los dedos 1,2 y 3. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 375px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SbXoNOlccvI/AAAAAAAAAqc/Ud2ibapMV5M/s400/journal-1.pone.0003325.g002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5311406649504461554" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para explicar esta peculiar situación, Wagner y Gauthier (1999) hipotetizaron que había ocurrido un desplazamiento homeótico en serie en la evolución del linaje de las aves, tal que los dedos 1,2, y 3 pasaron a desarrollarse de los primordios 2, 3, y 4. Esto implicaba asumir que al correrse la identidad de los digitos, el primordio que normalmente se desarrolla en el dedo 1 quedó "sin identidad" y que en esta posición "vacante" se desarrolla una condensación "truncada". Este evento podría coincididir con la pérdida del dedo 4, ocurrida hacia el origen de los dinosaurios tetanuros, "C" en la figura de abajo. A es &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Alligator&lt;/span&gt;, B es un dinosaurio temprano &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Coelophysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 348px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Sa1O2BS-pAI/AAAAAAAAAps/U9YeRPzinlE/s400/Vargas%26Wagner.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308986225707623426" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Tomado de Vargas y Wagner 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hubo quienes rechazaron esta hipótesis ya que implicaba un cambio que no tenía ninguna "ventaja adaptativa"... &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pese a desarrollarse a partir del primordio del dedo 2, el dedo anterior del ala tiene la morfología bifalangeal que es propia al dedo 1 de amniotos. Se ha demostrado además que en este dedo no hay transcriptos de los genes HoxD-11 y HoxD-12, tal como se observa sólo en el dedo 1 de la mano del ratón. También en crocodilia el dedo 1 carece de transcriptos de HoxD-11. Esto sugiere que el dedo anterior del ala  es un dedo 1.  Esta correspondencia de la transcripción de estos genes con el desarrollo de un dedo 1 bifalangeal se mantiene bajo una variedad de alteraciones moleculares-genéticas en ratón y pollo (amniotos máximamente distantes).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ahora, un &lt;a href="http://phyloepigenesis.googlegroups.com/web/VargasWagnerED2009.pdf?hl=es&amp;amp;gda=Fx_PhkcAAABqB_ZXzVlL5L5xd5p_LhBi_DZc1vbjmqnDxHZt1fxxuz3vGxJBMYEBbzDQdw5dSl-mwwmmjY8lLEkm5GsdcWpf2WcbMCTyxngEtmARqh3HrQ"&gt;artículo en Evolution &amp;amp; Development&lt;/a&gt; ha demostrado que, por medio de la aplicación de cyclopamina en el ala del pollo, es posible producir de manera experimental un desplazamiento homeótico bastante similar al que se había inferido previamente para la evolución: dedos que normalmente se desarrollan de los primordios  2 y 3 ahora se desarrollan de los primordios 3 y 4. Esto es interesante porque antes sólo se habían obtenido de manera experimental transformaciones de dedos únicos, pero no así desplazamientos en serie de más de un dedo.  También es muy interesante que el primordio del dedo 2, al quedar vacante, se desarrolla como una condensacion vestigial, tal como se había inferido para la evolución de las aves. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Sa1QplyhoII/AAAAAAAAAp0/rhXSHPXDyo4/s400/ala1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308988211188572290" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 332px; height: 168px; " /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Fenotipo normal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Sa1Q5-FY9fI/AAAAAAAAAp8/Qh_VzYQgIRs/s400/ala2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308988492588054002" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 324px; height: 175px; " /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Tratado con Cyclopamina, indicando condensación vestigial&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Sa1RS8HcevI/AAAAAAAAAqE/lL0fMANtF80/s1600-h/ala3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/Sa1RS8HcevI/AAAAAAAAAqE/lL0fMANtF80/s400/ala3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308988921556531954" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 321px; height: 164px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Close-up de la condensación vestigial &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Referencia:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Vargas, AO y Wagner, GP. 2009. Frame-shifts of digit identity in bird evolution and Cyclopamine-treated wings. Evolution &amp;amp; Development 11(2): 163-9&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-357833043740729221?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/357833043740729221/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=357833043740729221' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/357833043740729221'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/357833043740729221'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/03/homeosis-de-dedos-de-dinosaurios-cuando.html' title='Homeosis de dedos de dinosaurios: Cuando la evolución predice las posibilidades del desarrollo'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SbXnFjBBEEI/AAAAAAAAAqM/D3VvjzCUCKo/s72-c/ostrich.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2908618716131844735</id><published>2009-02-10T16:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-10T17:02:22.491-08:00</updated><title type='text'>El comienzo del EvoDevo de las Aves</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Almost 100 years ago, 3 stalwart members of Scott's Polar Expedition marched into the darkness of the Antarctic winter on what would become known as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em   style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: italic; font-family:inherit;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;The Worst Journey in the World&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; (1). Their goal was to recover the eggs of emperor penguins whose embryos might reveal important insights about the now-defunct theory that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. The men walked 108 km in temperatures as cold as −60 °C to reach the eggs, just as emperor penguins have done for millennia. Although 3 preserved eggs survived the journey, British embryologists dismissed their evolutionary insights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 19px;font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;img src="http://digimorph.org/specimens/Aptenodytes_forsteri/juvenile/specimen.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 500px; height: 343px;" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  line-height: 19px;font-family:'Lucida Grande';font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 0); line-height: 9px; "&gt;&lt;abbr title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" class="slug-jnl-abbrev" face="inherit" color="initial" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;(EXTRACTO) PNAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;span class="slug-pub-date"   style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-style: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: bold; font-family:inherit;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; February 10, 2009 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="slug-vol"   style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; font-family:inherit;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;vol. 106 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="slug-issue"   style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; font-family:inherit;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;no. 6 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="slug-pages"   style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- outline-style: none; font-style: inherit;  line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: bold; font-family:inherit;color:initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1691-1692&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2908618716131844735?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2908618716131844735/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2908618716131844735' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2908618716131844735'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2908618716131844735'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-comienzo-del-evodevo-de-las-aves.html' title='El comienzo del EvoDevo de las Aves'/><author><name>Roberto E. Yury Yáñez</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03519590700942351570</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/S6whr5qRKHI/AAAAAAAAAVI/2J51hct2GaY/S220/20980_499391375499_864110499_11032390_4312601_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-410652058718673731</id><published>2009-01-07T15:33:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-13T09:31:40.246-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasticidad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='selección'/><title type='text'>Origen de las especies por medio de la deriva natural</title><content type='html'>&lt;img src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SHVWsEUzkKI/AAAAAAAAAXI/Gbbx3ybuAQc/s400/Untitled" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221174658081198242" border="0" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 394px; height: 530px; " /&gt;Así es: &lt;a href="http://phyloepigenesis.googlegroups.com/web/Maturana%26Mpodozis1992.pdf?gda=cz7MEU0AAABqB_ZXzVlL5L5xd5p_LhBiGjI-AQ8WrTiTNtu5VOp-8JHYM4BzooVldUq8ioEVTZfd5bS_KErWtE0AdOxwU9Ys5Tb_vjspK02CR95VRrtmeQ"&gt;Al fin disponible, en PDF&lt;/a&gt; y en su idioma original, la original propuesta de Maturana y Mpodozis sobre la evolución de los seres vivos, publicada en 1992. Conviene leerlo en su idioma original. La versión en inglés disponible en la Revista Chilena de Historia Natural no sólo sufre de las dificultades de la traducción sino que además refleja las intervenciones majaderas de algunos revisores (tales como la reiterada  exigencia de describirse como tautológica, que no agrega realmente nada a la comprensión del texto) &lt;div&gt;¡Provecho!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-410652058718673731?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/410652058718673731/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=410652058718673731' title='5 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/410652058718673731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/410652058718673731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2009/01/origen-de-las-especies-por-medio-de-la.html' title='Origen de las especies por medio de la deriva natural'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SHVWsEUzkKI/AAAAAAAAAXI/Gbbx3ybuAQc/s72-c/Untitled' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4321094842509992486</id><published>2008-12-28T09:25:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T06:21:33.426-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia de la biologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='selección'/><title type='text'>Niles Eldredge  en la Universidad de Chile</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 267px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfK-Jt_2JI/AAAAAAAAAo0/llL_7V2VW2k/s400/n864110499_4932597_6197.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5284915856852113554" /&gt;El pasado 3 de diciembre Niles Eldredge dio una charla en el auditorio Herman Niemeyer del edificio milenio de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile. La charla fue básicamente sobre la investigación histórica de Niles de la vida de Darwin: entre otros detalles mencionó cómo el hallazgo de un Capibara fósil de gran tamaño había sido descrito por Darwin, ya en sus notas en el Beagle,  como un posible ancestro del Capibara actual. Eldredge dejó en claro que, dado su abuelo Erasmo, y un influyente profesor evolucionista que tuvo en escocia, Darwin tuvo siempre a la evolución en mente antes y durante su viaje del Beagle, pese a que después afirmara haber llegado la conclusión de la evolución sólo después de su viaje, y como mero resultado de numerosas y meticulosas observaciones empíricas. Tramposín! Por motivos quizás "políticos" Darwin explotó aquel "mito" del quehacer cientifico, a sabiendas de su falsedad. Eldredge también habló de la "genialidad" de Darwin en haberse dado cuenta del operar de la selección natural a partir del principio maltusiano de la superproductivifdad, combinado con el hecho de la existencia de variaciones hereditarias... momentos de la charla en los que yo sacudía enfáticamente la cabeza de lado a lado, fastidiado. Al finalizar la charla  le hice una pregunta al respecto. Si la superproductividad siempre está produciendo competencia entre las distintas variantes,  porqué la estasis es lo más común en el registro fosil? No debería haber &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;siempre&lt;/span&gt; evolución darwiniana por competencia? Como había dicho el mismo Eldredge alguna vez,  junto a su camarada Gould,  "Stasis is Data",  es decir,  es un hecho que las especies pueden pasar millones de años sin cambiar. Un hecho que nos dice algo.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Contrario a  algunos darwinistas sabelotodos que creen que de alguna forma este tipo de preguntas deben  ser  inválidas o "erróneas" , Eldredge  contestó que una especie era una población gigante, con una amplia distribución geográfica en la cual era muy difícil que toda la población en su conjunto pudiera ser "direccionada" por alguna condición  hacia la transformación. En estas líneas, habría que concluir, digo yo, que al menos una fragmentación geográfica, y un &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;cambio&lt;/span&gt; de condiciones (y no mera "competencia endógena") ,  serían requisitos para que haya evolucion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mi humilde opinión, lo que la estasis nos demuestra es que la supuesta competencia maltusiana por sí sóla (si es que siquiera existe) es insuficiente para producir evolución y mucho menos puede tratarse de su "motor principal".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Luego de las preguntas nos acercamos a conversar con Niles. Comentando sobre Darwin, Niles me dijo que existía una referencia en la que Darwin le baja el perfil a la selección natural, prefiriendo señalar la demostración de la  descendencia común como su más importante contribución. Es una pena que este tipo de citas de Darwin no sean más conocidas  (Hasta el momento sólo conocemos aquella en la que Darwin se menifiesta irritado por aquellos que lo invocaban diciendo que el único mecanismo de evolucion que existe es la selección natural)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Luego llevamos a Niles al lab de ornitología de Michel Salaberry donde le mostramos los fósiles de aves neógenas de Bahía Inglesa y comentamos algo sobre la variación del tamaño corporal en respuesta al cambio climático, en línea con las ideas de &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/padres-filoepigenticos-no-registro.html"&gt;Elizabeth Vrba.&lt;/a&gt;  Fue una interesante y amigable interacción! Luego Niles y su esposa partieron con Michel Salaberry  y David Rubilar a ver aves en el cajón del Maipo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4321094842509992486?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4321094842509992486/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4321094842509992486' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4321094842509992486'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4321094842509992486'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/12/niles-eldredge-en-la-universidad-de.html' title='Niles Eldredge  en la Universidad de Chile'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfK-Jt_2JI/AAAAAAAAAo0/llL_7V2VW2k/s72-c/n864110499_4932597_6197.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4480377586786836436</id><published>2008-12-25T00:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:18:27.251-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='macroevolución'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inercia filogenetica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Predicting the evolution of Theropod arm size</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVNO8_RitkI/AAAAAAAAAos/uNP6TCRnEok/s1600-h/austro2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 154px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVNO8_RitkI/AAAAAAAAAos/uNP6TCRnEok/s400/austro2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283653597519853122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1999 I published an article in the (cryptic) monthly news bulletin of the Museum of Natural History of Chile, entitled "Evolution of Arm Size in Theropod Dinosaurs: A Developmental Hypothesis". In this work, which I did as an undergrad,  I tackled what seemed a consistent trend among species of  theropod dinosaurs, the presence of proportionally smaller arm sizes in species with larger body size. Femur size correlates quite directly with body size in dinosaurs: I therefore took femur size as an indicator of body size and making a linear regression I obtained that Humerus = 0,387 (Femur)^0,6807, with a rather nice determination coefficient, R^2 = 0,89. It is, of course, very remarkable that this negative allometry would so nicely predict theropod humerus size. Rather than the usual adaptive explanations, I presented a developmental hypothesis: The ontogeny of the most recent common ancestor of the theropods presented slower growth of the arm than of the leg, with arms that were proportionally larger earlier in ontogeny, at smaller body sizes. Thereafter, evolutionary variation of different body sizes in different species descended from this ancestor simply reflected conservation of this ontogenetic trait, with smaller- or larger-looking arms as a consequence of body-size variation, rather than any process of "local" adaptation. In this context, the very bird-like dromaeosaurid dinosaurs would owe their proportionally large arms to their small body size. If this were indeed correct, if a dromaeosaurid species would evolve a larger body size, we would expect it to show short arms, unlike those of its small-sized,  long-armed ancestors.&lt;div&gt;The recent discovery of the dromaeosaurid &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Austroraptor  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;is just that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; a pretty large dromaeosaurid, with proportionally small arms, despite being descended from long-armed, smaller ancestors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 384px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVNOLRfGZlI/AAAAAAAAAok/dTSHqe2qWEo/s400/austroraptor.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283652743415096914" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So, how does the Vargas formula work for Austroraptor? The femur length of &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Austroraptor&lt;/span&gt; is 0,56 M,  so the predicted humerus length is 0,261 M. The actual length of &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Austroraptor&lt;/span&gt;'s humerus is 0, 262 M... not bad, hehehe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Of course, my hypothesis has another more direct and straight-forward prediction: Within an ontogenic sequence of a theropod species, younger, smaller specimens should present proportionally larger arms than older, larger specimens.  Unfortunately, I still don't know of any conclusive evidence for this in a non-avian theropod. However, this is known to have been the case for Prosauropod dinosaurs, the inmediate outgroup of theropods, which presented larger arm porportions at earlier stages of ontogeny. Furthermore, according to Middleton and Gatesy,  there is preliminary data that forelimb size decreases in the gull Larus californicus form 43% in hatchlings to 38% in adults...suggesting, by phylogenetic "sandwich", that the same was true for non-avian theropods. I thus renew the validity of my prediction!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(46, 12, 12);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Vargas A 1999 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://phyloepigenesis.googlegroups.com/web/Vargas+1999.pdf?hl=es&amp;amp;gda=3oK5DUAAAABqB_ZXzVlL5L5xd5p_LhBiM6WFGYLBsyFZXyIQtPK1vTLASkxweNejNEjPnz325w-_ZmTmGW-moXtoZtwVMp8H"&gt;Evolution of Arm Size in Theropod Dinosaurs: A Developmental Hypothesis.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; Noticiario Mensual del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile 338: 16-19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(46, 12, 12);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Novas, F. E., Pol, D., Canale, J. I., Profiri, J. D., Calvo, Jorge O., 2008. A bizarre Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Proceedings of the Royal Society B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4480377586786836436?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4480377586786836436/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4480377586786836436' title='12 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4480377586786836436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4480377586786836436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/12/predicting-evolution-of-theropod-arm.html' title='Predicting the evolution of Theropod arm size'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVNO8_RitkI/AAAAAAAAAos/uNP6TCRnEok/s72-c/austro2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>12</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7121290957523294898</id><published>2008-12-19T14:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-19T14:11:10.121-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/YrBTg8YANYE&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/YrBTg8YANYE&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7121290957523294898?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7121290957523294898/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7121290957523294898' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7121290957523294898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7121290957523294898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Roberto E. Yury Yáñez</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03519590700942351570</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/S6whr5qRKHI/AAAAAAAAAVI/2J51hct2GaY/S220/20980_499391375499_864110499_11032390_4312601_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7689013271230480820</id><published>2008-11-26T17:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:19:29.229-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='monstruos esperanzados'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Quick comments on Odontochelys</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4hX85wgkI/AAAAAAAAAm8/yr-TzM28Od0/s1600-h/odontochelys.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 204px; height: 330px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4hX85wgkI/AAAAAAAAAm8/yr-TzM28Od0/s400/odontochelys.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5273188909066519106" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys&lt;/span&gt; is the new basalmost triassic turtle, with a plesiomorphic ("primitive") presence of teeth (hence the name) and a most remarkable transitional aspect: It has a perfectly formed plastron &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;yet no carapace&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys&lt;/span&gt; only presents the dorsal midline of the neural plates of the carapace, that are close to the neural spines but remain separate (which is not the case in more derived turtles).&lt;br /&gt;Lets briefly recall what some evil saltationists (paleos and evo-devo's) have said about this. I remember Bob Bakker's book "The dinosaur heresies" (1986). There, he mentions the fact that  in turtles the pectoral girdle is actually &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;under &lt;/span&gt;the ribs, and points out that this qualitative aspect is hard to imagine to have occurred in more than a single step.&lt;br /&gt;What can development tell us of all this? First, the plastron is derived from the neural crest, unlike the carapace, which is derived from a mixture of dermal bone and ribs. Second, the plastron ossifies before the carapace. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys&lt;/span&gt; reveals that this  embryological and temporal separation also reflects a phylogenetic sequence. Scott Gilbert (yes, the book guy) points out that in turtles, the ribs have shifted dorsally, to developing within the dermis, a unique trait within amniotes. If an embryonic rib is experimentally inserted in the dermis of a chicken embryo, the result is ossification &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4hnMdWPAI/AAAAAAAAAnM/7xgCW9VT-DI/s1600-h/proganodorsal.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 144px; height: 335px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4hnMdWPAI/AAAAAAAAAnM/7xgCW9VT-DI/s400/proganodorsal.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5273189170940361730" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;of the dermis surrounding the rib. Because of this paracrine effect on the dermis,  Gilbert hypothesized that a single-step shift of the ribs to the dermis could have induced the origin of a well-formed carapace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some regard this hypothesis as incompatible with the hypothesis that an exoskeleton of separate dermal bones preceded the origin of the carapace. This incompatibility in my opinion  is not quite so; dermal bones could have existed or not previous to the shift of the ribs closer to the dermis; the shift could have led to a single carapace. Critics to Gilbert's hypothesis have pointed out that in the carapace of the early (very fragmentary) triassic turtle &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Chinlechelys&lt;/span&gt;, ribs are not "immersed" in the carapace but run immediately below the surface of the dermal plates. However it is possible that this was sufficient for the paracrine effect leading to a single carapace "shell".  Unfortunately we cannot know if the pectoral girdle was already under the ribs in &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Chinlechelys&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even admitting the possibility of previous ostederms, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys&lt;/span&gt; is certainly something unexpected from the more "gradualist" perspective, which was "hoping"  early stages of dermal armor would go back to remote Pareiasaur-like ancestors (see figure below). The full plastron of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys &lt;/span&gt;is pretty derived, yet this species has no "coat" of osteoderms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4iMYBimJI/AAAAAAAAAnU/Ri2QLdN3ZnQ/s1600-h/Turtles.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 162px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4iMYBimJI/AAAAAAAAAnU/Ri2QLdN3ZnQ/s400/Turtles.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5273189809700116626" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;From Joyce et al 2007. Odontochelys indicates that "coats" of osteoderms as in a) and b) did not precede the origin of the plastron&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Odontochelys&lt;/span&gt; is consistent with the notion that a shift in the position of the ribs to greater proximity to the dermis could have induced a"radical" extension of dermal bone, from mere dorsal midline of neural plates, to a full carapace; as a third step, superficially attached ribs and dermal bones, became fully integrated with the dermal bone conforming the "true"  carapace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Li C, Wu X-C, Rieppel O, Wang L-T, Zhao L-J (2008) An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456: 497-501&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joyce WG, SG Lucas, TM Scheyer, AB Heckert, AP Hunt (2008). A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell Proceedings of the Royal Society B DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1196&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="authors"&gt;Cebra-Thomas JA, Betters E, Yin M, Plafkin C, McDow K, Gilbert SF. 2007 Evidence that a late-emerging population of trunk neural crest cells forms the plastron bones in the turtle Trachemys scripta.  &lt;span class="journalname" title="Evolution &amp;amp; development"&gt; Evol Dev&lt;/span&gt;. 9(3):267-77.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="authors"&gt;Cebra-Thomas J, Tan F, Sistla S, Estes E, Bender G, Kim C, Riccio P, Gilbert SF.&lt;span class="journalname" title="Journal of experimental zoology. Part B. Molecular and developmental evolution"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;2005. How the turtle forms its shell: a paracrine hypothesis of carapace formation. &lt;span class="journalname" title="Journal of experimental zoology. Part B. Molecular and developmental evolution"&gt;J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol&lt;/span&gt;.  Nov 15;304(6):558-69.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7689013271230480820?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7689013271230480820/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7689013271230480820' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7689013271230480820'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7689013271230480820'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/11/quick-comments-on-odontochelys.html' title='Quick comments on Odontochelys'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SS4hX85wgkI/AAAAAAAAAm8/yr-TzM28Od0/s72-c/odontochelys.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8970438512377494217</id><published>2008-11-19T19:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T06:25:57.586-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='selección'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Paedomorphosis vs Adaptacionismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SSTitfzyYLI/AAAAAAAAAmk/ZA4YfkcxxI4/s1600-h/7monthchimpfoetus.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 389px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SSTitfzyYLI/AAAAAAAAAmk/ZA4YfkcxxI4/s400/7monthchimpfoetus.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5270586735191023794" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Muchos habrán escuchado sobre uno de los rasgos más llamativos que presenta la paedomorphosis en la evolución de los seres humanos;  si observamos un feto de 7 meses del chimpancé,  vemos que presenta una distribución del pelaje como la de un ser humano, con el pelo concentrado sobre la cabeza. La verdad es que había escuchado este dato e incluso había visto un dibujo de la cabeza pero la verdad es que no existe reemplazo para una foto. Finalmente he encontrado una en la web, que originalmente fue publicada en el libro "The life of primates" de Adolph Schultz, (1969). Esto me ha permitido salir de algunas dudas. Puntualmente,  hay pelo en la barbilla y los labios, como en el adulto humano; sin embargo, a diferencia del adulto humano, no hay pelo sobre los genitales. Aún me queda la pregunta de si hay pelo o no bajo los brazos. Otra novedad es que se observan cejas muy claramente demarcadas, que luego desaparecerán completamente (ver imagen a la izquierda). Notable!&lt;br /&gt;Es curioso que, pese a que este dato se conoce desde hace ya bastante tiempo, aún se discuten diferentes hipótesis adaptacionistas para explicar la concentración del pelo sobre la cabeza del ser humano; la más &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SSTmLzhw_tI/AAAAAAAAAms/xXtu0Q43IBc/s1600-h/chimp.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 123px; height: 117px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SSTmLzhw_tI/AAAAAAAAAms/xXtu0Q43IBc/s200/chimp.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5270590554415103698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;popular es que esto evolucionó por selección para correr bajo el sol por largas distancias, lo cual, supuestamnete, le permitiría tener un cuerpo "refrescado" a la vez que se protegía al maratonista de la Sabana de la intensidad de los rayos del sol. Otras explicaciones citaban una supuesta menor vulnerabilidad a los parásitos, con selección sexual para explicar la permanencia del pelo sólo en la cabeza. Ninguna de estas hipóestis parece enterarse del hecho de que esta distribución se originó en la etapa fetal, donde claramente ninguno de estos factores fue relevante. Lo más gracioso es que, al confrontar a los adaptacionistas con este hecho (en discusiones en los blogs), tristemente no logran concederle ninguna relevancia; es una mera "coincidencia". No hay mejor ejemplo de cómo la ideología produce una cínica miopia intelectual  incluso con los datos más evidentes. Hay quienes no se enterarían de la realidad aún si ésta les vomitase en los zapatos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8970438512377494217?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8970438512377494217/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8970438512377494217' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8970438512377494217'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8970438512377494217'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/11/paedomorphosis-vs-adaptacionismo.html' title='Paedomorphosis vs Adaptacionismo'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SSTitfzyYLI/AAAAAAAAAmk/ZA4YfkcxxI4/s72-c/7monthchimpfoetus.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-951935616698064912</id><published>2008-11-07T06:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T06:27:21.593-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sesgos perceptuales'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='selección'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ecologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>¡Ya era hora!</title><content type='html'>Ya hemos enfatizado, en este blog de afilado criterio, los graves problemas en la moda decerebrada de la detección de "selección positiva". Una de las críticas que suelo hacer ante mis colegas y en otros blogs donde dejo comenatrios es la facilidad con que se contentan con asumir cambios  "ventajosos" sin hacer ninguna conección con el fenotipo, basados sólo en el test estadístico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;¿Qué pasa cuando controlamos adecuadamente si hay fenotipo asociado a las sustituciones nucleotídicas "positivamente seleccionadas"?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un comentario recientemente publicado en PNAS menciona un interesante estudio reciente de rhodopsinas que absorben diferentes longitudes de onda en muchas diferentes especies de peces que viven a diferentes profundidades o tienen diferentes conductas relacionadas con la luz. Se caracterizan muchos cambios no sinónimos que afectan la longitud de onda que absorben las rhodopsinas y que se corresponden con ele stilo de vida de cada especie de pez (es decir son "adaptativas"; véase &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/07/confundiendo-seleccion-natural-con.html"&gt;este post&lt;/a&gt; previo sobre este tema ). Resulta una instancia idónea para poner a prueba de manera biológica la famosa "prueba estadística" de la selección positiva. Nos dice Austin Hughes:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In fact, the results showed that the codon-based methods were 100% off-target. When Bayesian methods were applied to a set of closely related rhodopsin sequences, eight sites were identified as ‘‘positively selected.’’ Yet not one of these sites was among the 12 sites known to be involved in adaptive changes in rhodopsin sensitivity. Moreover, amino acid changes at these sites were shown experimentally to have no effect and thus almost certainly to lack any adaptive significance.These results support the theoretical prediction that, because of the faulty logic in their underlying assumptions, codon-based focus mainly on statistical artifacts rather than true cases of positive selection"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hughes concluye:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In recent years the literature of evolutionary biology has been glutted with extravagant claims of positive selection on the basis of computational analyses alone, including both codon-based methods and other questionable methods such as the McDonald-Kreitman test. This vast outpouring of pseudo-Darwinian hype has been genuinely harmful to the credibilit y of evolutionary biology as a science. It is to be hoped that the work of Yokoyama et al. will help put an end to these distressing tendencies."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ya era hora!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El comentario de Hughes está en el grupo yahoo decenio (PNAS 2008Hughes). Tienen que leerselo...acá sólo puse una fracción de sus demoledoras críticas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Refs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="cit-auth"&gt;Austin L. Hughes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;" class="cit-title"&gt;The &lt;span class="search-result-highlight"&gt;origin&lt;/span&gt; of &lt;span class="search-result-highlight"&gt;adaptive&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="search-result-highlight"&gt;phenotypes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;cite style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"&gt;. PNAS&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span class="cit-pub-dt"&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="cit-vol"&gt;105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-vol"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pages"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pages-fpage"&gt;13193&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-page-range"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-pages-lpage"&gt;13194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-page-range"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                           &lt;span class="cit-auth"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-name-surname"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="cit-name-given-names"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="cit-metadata"&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Yokoyama S et al. (&lt;span class="cit-pub-date"&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span class="cit-article-title"&gt;Elucidation of phenotypic adaptations: Molecular analyses of dim-light vision proteins in vertebrates&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;abbr class="cit-jnl-abbrev"&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci USA&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span class="cit-vol"&gt;105&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span class="cit-fpage"&gt;13480&lt;/span&gt;–&lt;span class="cit-lpage"&gt;13485&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span class="cit-auth"&gt;&lt;span class="cit-name-given-names"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-951935616698064912?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/951935616698064912/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=951935616698064912' title='1 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/951935616698064912'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/951935616698064912'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/11/ya-era-hora.html' title='¡Ya era hora!'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-843194693485377095</id><published>2008-10-20T09:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:20:20.059-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='metáfora digital'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>It's the SAME cell environment, stupid</title><content type='html'>A recent commentary in Science titled "It's the sequence, stupid" describes the conclusions of an experiment published within the journal's latest issue. Framed as a supposed &lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5259656400740207730" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP4NoS66zHI/AAAAAAAAAls/fErpzLf2RRY/s400/hepatocytescompared.jpg" border="0" /&gt;slap in the face to epigenetics, the experiment describes what happens with some indicators of "gene expression" of human chromosome 21 in mouse hepatocytes; that is, human c21 has been incorporated into the genome of an experimental line of mice. They find that things such as the binding site of several transcription factors, and the general levels of transcription on the chromosome, are for the most (but not entirely) the same as in human hepatocytes. Their conclusion? The sequence of the human C21, rather than the epigenetic cell environment, is mostly responsible for "regulation" of its own expression. Hence, "It's the sequence, stupid".&lt;br /&gt;But, is it? It is well-known that all cells within the body contain the same sequence, but express very differently in different cell types, because of the different cell environments. It is interesting that the people at Science managed to wash this fact out of their brains, since it directly refutes that expression is determined in the sequence. Further, their conclusion is simply not logical because they are comparing cells with the exact same cell phenotype. The image shows micrographies from two liver sections; one is from mouse, the other is from human. Can anyone tell me which is which? The fact is, at the cell-histological level, most homologous tissues of mouse and human are undistinguishable.&lt;br /&gt;Don't expect virtually identical cells to produce great differences in the expression of the same sequence just because you are comparing them in different species. Expect them to produce virtually identical gene expression. As simple as that.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Refs:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span class="authors" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Wilson, M.D., Barbosa-Morais, N.L., Schmidt, D., Conboy, C.M., Vanes, L., Tybulewicz, V.L.J. Fisher, E.M.C., Tavaré, S., and Odom. D.T. 2008 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="authors"&gt;Species-Specific Transcription in Mice Carrying Human Chromosome 21. Science 322: 434-438&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="authors" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coller HA, Kruglyak L.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Genetics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;It's the sequence, stupid! &lt;abbr class="journalname" title="Science (New York, N.Y.)"&gt;Science&lt;/abbr&gt;.&lt;span class="volume"&gt; 322&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span class="pages"&gt;380-1&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;UPDATE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Check out this site on &lt;a href="http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/histo_hcytes.html"&gt;hepatocyte histology &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Left is pig; right is raccoon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-AcJUhVPI/AAAAAAAAAl8/BvjrI5v0afY/s1600-h/histo_hcytes.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-AcJUhVPI/AAAAAAAAAl8/BvjrI5v0afY/s400/histo_hcytes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5260064110818710770" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Phenotypic plasticity: This is mouse, fasted and glycogen-enriched&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-AzRDjVzI/AAAAAAAAAmM/lFi2ERNhz4I/s1600-h/histo_glycopas.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-AzRDjVzI/AAAAAAAAAmM/lFi2ERNhz4I/s400/histo_glycopas.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5260064508032014130" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;And of course, human (from &lt;a href="http://www.siumed.edu/%7Edking2/erg/liver.htm"&gt;another site&lt;/a&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-BO5os9fI/AAAAAAAAAmU/ey7_2wh3bM0/s1600-h/human.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP-BO5os9fI/AAAAAAAAAmU/ey7_2wh3bM0/s400/human.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5260064982781720050" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-843194693485377095?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/843194693485377095/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=843194693485377095' title='8 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/843194693485377095'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/843194693485377095'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/10/its-same-cell-environment-stupid.html' title='It&apos;s the SAME cell environment, stupid'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SP4NoS66zHI/AAAAAAAAAls/fErpzLf2RRY/s72-c/hepatocytescompared.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-9015180250010293769</id><published>2008-10-06T08:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T06:29:56.764-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='homeosis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>Homeosis en dedos de dinosaurios</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SOo7badfC0I/AAAAAAAAAk8/JPD0nqptCIs/s1600-h/Figure+1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SOo7badfC0I/AAAAAAAAAk8/JPD0nqptCIs/s400/Figure+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5254077257426602818" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Estimados,  los que me conocen ya saben que el asunto de las homeosis me gusta, y por varias razones  (no sólo por las razones freaky-estéticas de ver una mosca con patas en la cabeza). Otras buenas razones son: 1) que demuestran la posibilidad de que distintas partes en el cuerpo de un embrión pueden cursar  la misma vía epigenética 2) que muchas son eventos de transformación cualitativa, un sólo evento que no encaja con la noción de "acumulación selectiva" (véase&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/02/microraptor-posible-homeosis.html"&gt; esto&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/09/origen-de-una-adaptacion.html"&gt;esto&lt;/a&gt;) 3) que muchas veces no tienen absolutamente ninguna consecuencia adaptativa que no sea rebuscada y poco creíble 4) que son demostrablemente ubicuas en la evolución cuando se hacen comparaciones filogenéticas (véase por ejemplo &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001019"&gt;esto&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En este sentido durante los últimos tres años lejos de chile (felizmente ya estoy de vuelta) me he dedicado al tema de la inferencia de un  "desplazamiento homeótico" que habria ocurrido en la evolución del ala de las aves, tal que los dedos 1,2 y 3 comenzaron a desarrollarse a partir de las condensaciones cartilaginosas que en otros amniotos se convierten en los dedos  2,3 y 4; este evento sólo puede concebirse como algo de un sólo paso, y su valor adaptativo está lejos de ser comprensible. Cabe recordar que existen publicadas opiniones adaptacionistas que pese a la contundende evidencia de la filogenia y de la  embriología, morfología y expresión genética comparadas, han puesto en duda la ocurrencia de este evento sólo porque no tendría valor adapataivo, o peor aún, se ha dicho que este tipo de cambio requeriría mutaciones con efectos pleiotrópicos carcameativos que deteriorarían seriamente el fitness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bueno, pues a la pamplina panadaptacionista hay que responder con comparaciones filogenéticas bien hechas, nada más. Donde manda cladograma, no manda la especulación adaptacionista (tendencia que se impone, duélale donde les duela a los ecólogos evolutivos más "clásicos")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Así es como con gusto les presento mi más visible publicación hasta el momento, gratis para la descarga de Ud, familia y amigos,  en  PLoS ONE (journal de libre acceso que rápidamente se ha perfilado como el "nature de los pobres")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sin más, les dejo&lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003325"&gt; el link&lt;/a&gt; para que los más curiosillos se lean este simpático ( y no muy largo!) artículo.&lt;br /&gt;Saludos,&lt;br /&gt;Alexander Vargas (aka Sander)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selected Trackbacks:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://visualizingevolution.blogspot.com/2008/10/alligator-genetics-explain-development.html"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081003122715.htm"&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://visualizingevolution.blogspot.com/2008/10/alligator-genetics-explain-development.html"&gt;Visualizing evolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://network.nature.com/people/im_brooks/blog/2008/10/08/awesome-science"&gt;Awesome Science&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://joesrandomscienceblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/dinosaurbird-connection-even-stronger.html"&gt;Joe's random science blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://talkrational.org/showthread.php?t=6486"&gt;Talk rational&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.hoxfulmonsters.com/2008/10/homeotic-transformation-and-digit-evolution-in-birds/"&gt;Hoxfulmonsters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dino-pantheon.com/backyard/news/20081007HoxD-11.html"&gt;Dinopantheon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ornithomedia.com/infos/breves/breves_art1_78.htm"&gt;Ornithomedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.livedoor.jp/footballmoph/archives/51069720.html"&gt;LivedoorBlog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://behefails.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/avian-digits-continue-to-cause-controversy/"&gt;BeheFails&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://faktaevolusi.blogspot.com/2008/10/ekspresi-gen-aligator-menunjukkan-kalau.html"&gt;Faktaevolusi (Indonesia!)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.tcu.edu.tw/index.php?op=ViewArticle&amp;amp;articleId=1751&amp;amp;blogId=132"&gt;Blog TCU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.electronicafacil.net/ciencia/Article15256.html"&gt;Electrónica Fácil (al fin algo en español)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-9015180250010293769?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/9015180250010293769/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=9015180250010293769' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9015180250010293769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9015180250010293769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/10/homeosis-en-dedos-de-dinosaurios.html' title='Homeosis en dedos de dinosaurios'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SOo7badfC0I/AAAAAAAAAk8/JPD0nqptCIs/s72-c/Figure+1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-9063479529137228291</id><published>2008-09-22T18:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-01-10T06:31:57.324-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>Más sobre filogenia animal: el mundo de las placas</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhm8TBF0GI/AAAAAAAAAjs/YjGSjhwwXEk/s1600-h/SciAniAnat2-06c-1.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 292px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhm8TBF0GI/AAAAAAAAAjs/YjGSjhwwXEk/s400/SciAniAnat2-06c-1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249058551783346274" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Ya reclamábamos en este blog por la falta de los legendarios Placozoa en los "grandes muestreos gran" de filogenómica animal. Los placozoa, han sido tildados de animal ancestral mientras que otros han insitido en que se trata de una simplificación secundaria. A mí me ha parecido siempre que sí, que es un linaje antiguo; los tipos celulares que presenta son más o menos típicos de phyla basales de animales  (incluso el aparato  de actina-miosina de células contráctiles de placozoa pre-existe en "protozoa") Las dos capas celulares &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhnxOtj26I/AAAAAAAAAkE/l6XvGtKwENM/s1600-h/amphiblast_186.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 146px; height: 162px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhnxOtj26I/AAAAAAAAAkE/l6XvGtKwENM/s400/amphiblast_186.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249059461160754082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;de placozoa, ventral y dorsal, son  notablemente diferentes. La condición de dos capas diferenciadas con un espacio al medio la vemos además en larvas de esponjas y tampoco es muy diferente a lo que se ve en la larva plánula de cnidarios.  Otto Bütshcli en el sigo XIX, probablemente  usando la más pura doctrina recapitulacionista, había adivinado (cuevazo más o cuevazo menos)  una "plakula" ancestral y su invaginación en una gastrea antes de que se descubriera  a los placozoa y su particular forma de invaginarse.&lt;br /&gt;Podemos decir que los placozoa son una simplificación a partir de la larva de un animal más complejo, una esponja o cnidarios;  o podríamos decir que se trata del metazoo más primordial conocido, cuyo perfil persiste en el embrión temprano de la ontogenia de los demás grupos (incluso  blástula y gástrula temprana de bilateria).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En mi opinión las dos ideas contienen semilla de verdad. Consideremos la propuesta (aún vigente)  el origen coanozooide de los &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhne5r_O-I/AAAAAAAAAj8/Ie0NEfSei3s/s1600-h/PlanuloidDev.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhne5r_O-I/AAAAAAAAAj8/Ie0NEfSei3s/s400/PlanuloidDev.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249059146279369698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;primeros metazoa, que va de la mano con la idea que los  porifera serían parafiléticos, es decir, descendemos de las esponjas (Oh dioses del NSF: secuenciad esponajas  hexactinélidas, YA!!!). Si todo eso está en lo correcto, entre un "coanozoa" colonial filtrador y esponjas, quizás no hay mucho lugar para una etapa placozoaria.Donde sí p&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhoKiGZwFI/AAAAAAAAAkM/5ZkH0etIfP4/s1600-h/Gastru2.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhoKiGZwFI/AAAAAAAAAkM/5ZkH0etIfP4/s200/Gastru2.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249059895861952594" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;arece haber más espacio,  es en la transición de esponjas a epitheliozoa. Los adultos son muy  diferentes, pero las larvas son parecidas; pueden descender los unos de los otros por vía de un estado paedomórfico en que la larva es el adulto.... exactamente, como placozoa. Y ESTE ancestro placozooide, ahora sí que sí,  persistiría al más puro gusto de Haeckel en las plánulas y blástulas de la ontogenia de los cnidarios y bilateria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Y cómo anda todo esto con las grandiosas nuevas  filogenias moleculares? Pues no tan mal, sin bien los infaltables agujeros en el muestreo taxoómico aún dejan las cosas medio inestables.  Tenemos este trabajo reciente, altamente publicitado, basado en genomas completos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhkYCLmpYI/AAAAAAAAAjc/rlCGU_JYCPs/s1600-h/tmp-1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhkYCLmpYI/AAAAAAAAAjc/rlCGU_JYCPs/s400/tmp-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249055729765492098" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aunque placozoa sale como grupo hermano de epitheliozoa, todavía me aguantaré de saltar en una pata, debido al defectuoso muestreo taxonómico (La ínica esponja muestreada es una demospongita, Amphimedon. Monosiga es un coanoflagelado, Lottia es un grastrópodo. Nótese que con este muestreo no hay forma de descartar que los placozoa sean la larva paedomoórfica de una esponja. Esa hipótesis sigue vigente&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta filogenia reciente de los coanozoa en cambio tiene un rico muestreo taxonómico y viene a confirmar con bastante seguridad que los coanoflagelados son el grupo hermano de los metazoa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhmwtxG7pI/AAAAAAAAAjk/Ort9WpxJXb4/s1600-h/fetchObject.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhmwtxG7pI/AAAAAAAAAjk/Ort9WpxJXb4/s400/fetchObject.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249058352805637778" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;"&gt;Referencias:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;"&gt;Srivastava, M., Begovic, E., Chapman, J., Putnam, N.H., Hellsten, U., Kawashima, T., Kuo, A., Mitros, T., Salamov, A., Carpenter, M.L., Signorovitch, A.Y., Moreno, M.A., Kamm, K., Grimwood, J., Schmutz, J., Shapiro, H., Grigoriev, I.V., Buss, L.W., Schierwater, B., Dellaporta, S.L., Rokhsar, D.S. (2008) The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans. Nature 454:955-960. [&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07191"&gt;doi:10.1038/nature07191&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-family: georgia; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al. (2008) Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;P.D. Hagamos un nucleo decenio de carne y hueso!! Sanders en  Chile Lunes  29 de Septiembre, lo trae mote con huesillos light&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-9063479529137228291?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/9063479529137228291/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=9063479529137228291' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9063479529137228291'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9063479529137228291'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/09/ms-sobre-filogenia-animal-el-mundo-de.html' title='Más sobre filogenia animal: el mundo de las placas'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhm8TBF0GI/AAAAAAAAAjs/YjGSjhwwXEk/s72-c/SciAniAnat2-06c-1.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7924814045963968523</id><published>2008-09-06T11:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-22T22:18:08.074-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Palau update</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhwRnH5III/AAAAAAAAAkk/ju0ucR-A8G0/s1600-h/man_021605_big.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhwRnH5III/AAAAAAAAAkk/ju0ucR-A8G0/s200/man_021605_big.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249068813562486914" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Resulta que &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001780"&gt;el paper del hombre de Palau&lt;/a&gt; era increíblemente mula. Ni siquiera las afirmaciones básicas sobre tamaño corporal y cerebral eran confiables, sino que estaban basadas en materiales demasiado fragmentarios e inferencias mal hechas. En resumen, el "hombre de Palau" es biológica y arqueológicamente igual a los seres humanos de la zona.&lt;br /&gt;Cuando se publicó el paper del hombre de Palau, cometí el grave error de confiar en que las afirmaciones morfológicas (menor tamaño y microcefalia) eran correctas; sin embargo igual me indignó la baja calidad del paper en cuanto a cómo sustentaban sus afirmaciones filogenéticas. Dejé mi comentario al pie del paper en PLoS ONE, en &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/salta-palau.html"&gt;este post&lt;/a&gt;, y &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/palao-man-paper-return-of-precladistic.html"&gt;en otros blogs&lt;/a&gt;. Ahí contestó John Hawks (revisor 1 de 2, el único a favor del paper de palau) explicando que los materiales eran insuficientes para un análisis más formal. Resulta que ni siquiera eran suficientes para determinar enanismo o microcefalia: como bien lo dice el título &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003015"&gt;de este otro paper:&lt;/a&gt; "Small scattered fragments do not a dwarf make"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;John hawks, dicho sea de paso, el "experto en evolución humana" (U. Wisconsin, que publica en PNAS)  y que dió el ·"OK" a este trabajo (pese a la oposición del otro arqueólogo revisor) se dedica principalmente a detectar selección de genes a nivel de comparación de estructuras poblacionales y a nivel de secuencia primaria. Las explicaciones evolutivas que le gustan  son fundamentalmente reduccionsistas- adaptacionistas, del corte preciso de la escuela de "psicología evolutiva", totalmente mulas: por ejemplo, "las enfermedades y miserias de la agricultura son responsables de enorme seleccion natural de genes en los últimos 5000 años"  "tenemos microcefalinas con secuencias raras que heredamos de cruzas esporádicas con neandertales, y que han conferido enormes ventajas selectivas a sus poseedores". Sus coautores incuyen algunos que han argumentado que ha habido selección de genes para mayor inteligencia en  judíos. En fin...sigo? Ciencia "de la buena"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhxfjagO2I/AAAAAAAAAk0/wVHaevDIn0A/s1600-h/lindsay-lee-bigfoot.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhxfjagO2I/AAAAAAAAAk0/wVHaevDIn0A/s400/lindsay-lee-bigfoot.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5249070152596601698" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Imagen de un hombre de Palau posando junto a sus descubridores de national geographic cinema corporation, quienes se defendieron "sí es un enano, lo que pasa es que es un enano gigante"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7924814045963968523?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7924814045963968523/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7924814045963968523' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7924814045963968523'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7924814045963968523'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/09/palau-update.html' title='Palau update'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SNhwRnH5III/AAAAAAAAAkk/ju0ucR-A8G0/s72-c/man_021605_big.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8398275517646337126</id><published>2008-09-03T16:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-03T13:56:31.762-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Homologia e conservação hierárquica de estruturas</title><content type='html'>"If one looks for bacterial relatives of tubulin or actin using a&lt;br /&gt;simple computer search for sequence similarity, nothing will be&lt;br /&gt;found. In 1992 Bork et al.(8) used a sophisticated structure-&lt;br /&gt;based sequence alignment, and they discovered that bacteria&lt;br /&gt;did have genes related to actin. Actin is a member of a larger&lt;br /&gt;superfamily that includes sugar kinases, the chaperone&lt;br /&gt;hsp70, and the actin subfamily. These three subfamilies show&lt;br /&gt;no recognizable sequence identity to each other in normal&lt;br /&gt;pairwise alignments, but when the structures of hexokinase,&lt;br /&gt;hsp70 and actin were determined by X-ray crystallography,&lt;br /&gt;they were found to have virtually identical folding patterns.&lt;br /&gt;Structural biologists interpret this to mean that the three&lt;br /&gt;subfamilies evolved from a common protein ancestor.(9) Sugar&lt;br /&gt;kinases and hsp70 were already known to exist in both&lt;br /&gt;bacteria and eukaryotes because of their clear sequence&lt;br /&gt;similarity: the bacterial proteins are 50 – 60% identical to their&lt;br /&gt;eukaryotic homologs.(10) But the closest bacterial proteins to&lt;br /&gt;eukaryotic actin showed less than 15% identity,(8) which is too&lt;br /&gt;low for reliable identification. However, the more-sophisticated&lt;br /&gt;alignment of Bork et al.(8) found three bacterial proteins that&lt;br /&gt;appeared to be relatives of actin—FtsA, MreB and StbA (now&lt;br /&gt;called ParM)"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKty155MjgI/AAAAAAAAAKM/nsgQLAnHWw4/s1600-h/homologia.067.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKty155MjgI/AAAAAAAAAKM/nsgQLAnHWw4/s400/homologia.067.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5236405262147685890" border="0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKty2MJODdI/AAAAAAAAAKU/yXWobftTcRY/s1600-h/homologia.068.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKty2MJODdI/AAAAAAAAAKU/yXWobftTcRY/s400/homologia.068.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5236405267046731218" border="0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A descoberta de proteínas homólogas a actina e tubulina em bactérias a partir de sua topologia - mas não de sua sequencia de nucleotídeos - nos mostra um ponto interessante em relação a dinâmica de transformação dos seres vivos. As transformações ocorrem de maneira hierárquica, ocorrendo de maneira semi-independente entre os diferentes niveis desde que conservada uma estrutura viável em cada nível. Ou seja, neste caso específico, as sequencias de nucleotídeos podem se transfomar desde que conservada as relações entre actina ou tubulina com outras moléculas, o que ocorre no nível das estruturas terciárias. Algo similar ocorre na relação entre conduta e morfologia. É comum que certas condutas, como o "bowing" em aves, se conservem em diferentes espécies apesar dos câmbios morfólogicos (e evidentemente, o revés é verdadeiro: mesmas morfologias permitem diferentes condutas). Também é o que ocorre em relação a formação das lentes nos olhos de anuros: em &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Rana fusca&lt;/span&gt;, como descrito por Spemann há mais de um século, a fomação das lentes no epitélio é induzida pela vesícula óptica. No entanto, em &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Rana esculenta&lt;/span&gt; não é necessário que ocorra indução. A mesma estrutura - um olho de Rana - é conservada apesar de transformações nos processos histológicos e moleculares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7zsQCD6gI/AAAAAAAAAKs/oPVF5szzvWQ/s1600-h/homologia.054.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7zsQCD6gI/AAAAAAAAAKs/oPVF5szzvWQ/s400/homologia.054.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241894957849242114" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7ztkxP-gI/AAAAAAAAAK0/N3RYQ0LVAws/s1600-h/homologia.053.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7ztkxP-gI/AAAAAAAAAK0/N3RYQ0LVAws/s400/homologia.053.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241894980595743234" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;Isto é essencialmente o que permite a ocorrência de "phenogenetic drift" - a morforfologia ou histologia é conservada, mas os processos moleculares subvernientes se tansformam. Eu, particularmente, prefiro não descrever este fenômeno como uma deriva do genótipo em relação ao fenótipo, como sugere o termo phenogenetic, pois isto presupõe um genótipo que determina um fenótipo. Seria preformacionista, pois supõe que a estrutual inicial determina as transformações durante a ontogenia, e reducionista pois supõe que os diferentes níveis de organização são controlados pelo nível molecular. Prefiro encarar todos estes fenômenos como uma deriva estrutural onde um nível pode se transformar desde que conservada sua operacionalidade e desde que sua realçao com os outros níveis não interrompa a operacionalidade destes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7xoaqADvI/AAAAAAAAAKk/wMgW5V-KBis/s1600-h/assimila%C3%A7%C3%A3o+gen%C3%A9tica.002.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SL7xoaqADvI/AAAAAAAAAKk/wMgW5V-KBis/s400/assimila%C3%A7%C3%A3o+gen%C3%A9tica.002.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241892692958383858" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De Beer, G. Homology, an unsolved problem, v.74. 1971&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Erickson, H. P. Evolution of the cytoskeleton. Bioessays, v.29, n.7, p.668-77. 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weiss, K. M. e S. M. Fullerton. Phenogenetic Drift and the Evolution of Genotype–Phenotype Relationships. Theoretical Population Biology, v.57, n.3, p.187-195. 2000.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8398275517646337126?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8398275517646337126/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8398275517646337126' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8398275517646337126'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8398275517646337126'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/08/homologia-e-conservao-hierrquica-de.html' title='Homologia e conservação hierárquica de estruturas'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKty155MjgI/AAAAAAAAAKM/nsgQLAnHWw4/s72-c/homologia.067.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7546463333025495611</id><published>2008-08-23T14:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-23T16:07:11.680-07:00</updated><title type='text'>pajaritos con auto reconocimiento</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;object height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/HRVGA9zxXzk&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HRVGA9zxXzk&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pensado antes como exclusivo de los primates... pero visto ahora también (y únicamente) en este pajarito.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202"&gt;paper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7546463333025495611?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7546463333025495611/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7546463333025495611' title='5 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7546463333025495611'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7546463333025495611'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/08/pajaritos-con-auto-reconocimiento.html' title='pajaritos con auto reconocimiento'/><author><name>Roberto E. Yury Yáñez</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03519590700942351570</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/S6whr5qRKHI/AAAAAAAAAVI/2J51hct2GaY/S220/20980_499391375499_864110499_11032390_4312601_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8843550722685893991</id><published>2008-08-16T15:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-16T15:50:48.646-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Conduta e Evolução dos Cetáceos</title><content type='html'>Exaptação e conduta - seguidos por câmbios epigeneticos desengatilhados pelo novo nicho e deriva estrutal de estruturas livres para se transformarem - são dois agentes poderosos no processo evolutivo. Certa vez li um caso semelhante discutido por Vargas e Rubilar em relação a especilização das aves para o ovo. Encontro agora um outro exemplo não menos atrativo - a evolução inicial da linhagem dos cetáceos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nature 450, 1190-1194 (20 December 2007)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J. G. M. Thewissen1, Lisa Noelle Cooper1,2, Mark T. Clementz3, Sunil Bajpai4 &amp;amp; B. N. Tiwari&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKdWRKlNTRI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/9kXkWdmFD18/s1600-h/pastedGraphic.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKdWRKlNTRI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/9kXkWdmFD18/s400/pastedGraphic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5235247944739671314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The modern artiodactyl morphologically most similar to Indohyus is probably the African mousedeer &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Hyemoschus aquaticus&lt;/span&gt;. Hyemoschus lives near streams and feeds on land, but flees into the water when danger occurs40. Indohyus had more pronounced aquatic specializations than Hyemoschus does, and it probably spent a considerably greater amount of time in the water either for protection or when feeding. As indicated by the evidence from stable isotopes, Indohyus spent most of its time in the water and either came onshore to feed on vegetation (as the modern Hippopotamus does) or foraged on invertebrates or aquatic vegetation in the same way that the modern muskrat Ondatra does.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raoellids are the sister group to cetaceans, and this implies that &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;aquatic habitats&lt;/span&gt; originated before the Order Cetacea. The great evolutionary change that occurred at the origin of cetaceans is thus not the adoption of an aquatic lifestyle. Here we propose that dietary change was the event that defined cetacean origins; this is consistent with the cranial and dental synapomorphies identified. Molars of Indohyus are markedly different from those of pakicetids, and it is widely assumed that pakicetids ate aquatic prey18, 23.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our working hypothesis for the origin of whales is that raoellid ancestors, although herbivores or omnivores on land, took to fresh water in times of danger. Aquatic habits were increased in Indohyus (as suggested by osteosclerosis and oxygen isotopes), although it did not necessarily have an &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;aquatic diet&lt;/span&gt; (as suggested by carbon isotopes). Cetaceans originated from an Indohyus-like ancestor and switched to a diet of aquatic prey. Significant changes in the morphology of the teeth, the oral skeleton and the sense organs made cetaceans different from their ancestors and unique among mammals."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKdWRNgqGDI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/6gcwp2dWrw4/s1600-h/H_aquaticus1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKdWRNgqGDI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/6gcwp2dWrw4/s400/H_aquaticus1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5235247945525893170" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poderia ser diferente? Os pobres cetaceos, a partir de uma nova conduta, se tornaram aprisionados en el mar, como Glaucus: "According to Ovid, Glaucus began life as a mortal fisherman living in the Boeotian city of Anthedon. He discovered by accident a magical herb which could bring the fish he caught back to life, and decided to try eating it. The herb made him immortal, but also caused him to grow fins instead of arms and a fish's tail instead of legs  forcing him to dwell forever in the sea".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the way, hoje morreu o grande compositor brasileiro Dorival Caymmi, que, junto a Jorge Amado, escreveu a linda canção "Doce é morrer no mar".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8843550722685893991?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8843550722685893991/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8843550722685893991' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8843550722685893991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8843550722685893991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/08/conduta-e-evoluo-dos-cetceos.html' title='Conduta e Evolução dos Cetáceos'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SKdWRKlNTRI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/9kXkWdmFD18/s72-c/pastedGraphic.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3602773589413481012</id><published>2008-08-10T10:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-10T15:12:40.666-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inercia filogenetica'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Advertencias de Darwin sobre selección natural</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6AUAAAAAQAAJ&amp;amp;lpg=PA158&amp;amp;ots=UpifMKC_Zy&amp;amp;dq=darwin%20sutures%20skull%20bird&amp;amp;pg=PA158&amp;amp;ci=193,541,720,807&amp;amp;source=bookclip"&gt;The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life By Charles Darwin&lt;/a&gt;: "If green woodpeckers alone had existed and we did not know that there were many black and pied kinds I dare say that we should have thought that the green colour was a beautiful adaptation to conceal this tree frequenting bird from its enemies and consequently that it was a character of importance and had been acquired through natural selection. As it is the colour is probably in chief part due to sexual selection. A trailing palm in the Malay Archipelago climbs the loftiest trees by the aid of exquisitely constructed hooks clustered around the ends of the branches and this contrivance no doubt is of the highest service to the plant but as we see nearly similar hooks on many trees which are not climbers and which as there is reason to believe from the distribution of the thorn bearing species in Africa and South America serve as a defence against browsing quadrupeds so the spikes on the palm may at first have been developed for this object and subsequently have been improved and taken advantage of by the plant as it underwent further modification and became a climber. The naked skinhead of a vulture is generally considered as a direct adaptation for wallowing in putridity and so it may be or it may possibly be due to the direct action of putrid matter. But we should be very cautious in drawing any such inference when we see that the skin on the head of the clean feeding male Turkey is likewise naked. The sutures in the skulls of young mammals have been advanced as a beautiful adaptation for aiding parturition and no doubt they facilitate or may be indispensable for this act but as sutures occur in the skulls of young birds and reptiles which have only to escape from a broken egg we may infer that this structure has arisen from the laws of growth and has been taken advantage of in the parturition of the higher animals""&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3602773589413481012?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3602773589413481012/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3602773589413481012' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3602773589413481012'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3602773589413481012'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/08/advertencias-de-darwin-sobre-seleccin.html' title='Advertencias de Darwin sobre selección natural'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2210398154873505554</id><published>2008-08-04T16:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-05T10:43:38.550-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><title type='text'>Fisiologia (Cardíaca) Desenvolvimental II</title><content type='html'>O artigo citado por Gustavo em um &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/fisiologia-cardaca-desenvolvimental.html"&gt;post anterior&lt;/a&gt; mostrava um elegante experimento de Waddingon. Waddinton sacou o coração de embriões de galinha em um estágio em que estes eram capazes de sobreviver e se desenvolver sem a o coração. Uma das consequências morfogenéticas da ausência do coração foi a perda do dobramento cefálico característico de aminiotas. O artigo de Waddington foi citado, surpreendentemente, apenas dez vezes. Uma das citações - "Correlation between the embryonic head flexures and cardiac development (1993)"- de Manner et al., fez o experimento ao revés. Impediu o dobramento da cabeça colocando um pêlo dentro do tubo neural (Figuras 1 e 2). O resultado: mal formação cardíaca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aim of the present study is to examine whether the formation of the cranial and cervical flexures is involved in the process of cardiac looping, and whether looping anomalies are causally involved in the development of cardiac malformations. For this purpose, the formation of the cranial and cervical flexures was experimentally suppressed in chick embryos by introducing a straight human hair into the neural tube. In the experimental embryos, the absence of the cervical flexure, alone or in combination with a reduced cranial flexure, was always associated with anomalies in the looping of the tubular heart.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiO8pGluNI/AAAAAAAAAJk/ZM1pQuuuREE/s1600-h/Captura+2008-08-04+19-44-10.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiO8pGluNI/AAAAAAAAAJk/ZM1pQuuuREE/s400/Captura+2008-08-04+19-44-10.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5231088139667618002" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiOnnJM6zI/AAAAAAAAAJc/Ryyh9SBqzzk/s1600-h/Captura.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiOnnJM6zI/AAAAAAAAAJc/Ryyh9SBqzzk/s400/Captura.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5231087778364451634" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os autores, intrigados, discutem:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These results are in accord with the hypothesis that certain positional and morphological changes of the embryonic heart loop are caused by the formation of the head flexures (His 1881 ; Patten 1922). However, we must concede that there are experimental findings published by Waddington (1937) and Flynn et al. (1991) which seemingly support a totally different hypothesis, namely that the curvature of the cervical region is caused by the positional changes of the heart loop. Our results do not give direct information as to which of the two correlated processes - embryonic flexures and cardiac looping - is the cause and which is the effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A dúvida dos autores surge desde um ponto de vista mecanicista dos seres vivos. No entanto, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;o coração contribui para a dobramento da cabeça e o dobramento da cabeça contribui para a formação do coração.&lt;/span&gt; Organismos possuem uma organização circular que os diferencia de máquinas. Como diria um velho filósofo alemão: "Organismos são seres em que as partes são meio e fim". Ou:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiO83-GSiI/AAAAAAAAAJs/2Q1EKcOL2DI/s1600-h/fen%C3%B3tipo+e+gen%C3%B3tipo+rio.031.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiO83-GSiI/AAAAAAAAAJs/2Q1EKcOL2DI/s400/fen%C3%B3tipo+e+gen%C3%B3tipo+rio.031.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5231088143658535458" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2210398154873505554?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2210398154873505554/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2210398154873505554' title='7 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2210398154873505554'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2210398154873505554'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/08/fisiologia-cardaca-desenvolvimental-ii.html' title='Fisiologia (Cardíaca) Desenvolvimental II'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SJiO8pGluNI/AAAAAAAAAJk/ZM1pQuuuREE/s72-c/Captura+2008-08-04+19-44-10.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8806145478661866432</id><published>2008-07-27T13:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-30T14:46:37.859-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Phyloepigenetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='parasitismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='acoplamiento estructural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ecologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='simbiosis'/><title type='text'>Phyloepigenetics IV: Lagartija y  nemátodo</title><content type='html'>Herrel et al 2008. Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in morphology and performance associated with exploitation of a different dietary resource. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Mar 25;105(12):4792-5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Excerpts!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In 1971 five adult pairs of this species were moved from the small islet of Pod Kopiste (0.09 km2) to the nearby Pod Mrcaru (0.03 km2) by Nevo and coworkers (...). Although the islet of Pod Mrcaru was originally inhabited by another lacertid lizard species (Podarcis melisellensis), repeated visits (twice yearly over the past three years, beginning in 2004) show that this species has become extinct on Pod Mrcaru. Genetic mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the lizards currently on Pod Mrcaru are indeed P. sicula and are genetically indistinguishable from lizards from the source population"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Differences in head size and shape also translate into significant dif ferences in bite force bet ween populations. Our data show that P. sicula lizards consume more plant material on Pod Mrcaru compared with the ancestral population on Pod Kopiste"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"This shift to a predominantly plant-based diet has resulted in the dramatic evolution of intestinal morpholog y. Morphological analysis of preserved specimens shows the presence of cecal valves (Fig. 4) in all individuals, including a hatchling (26.4-mm snout-vent length, umbilical scar present) and a very young juvenile (33.11-mm snout-vent length) examined from Pod Mrcaru."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The fact that 1% of all currently known species of squamates have cecal valves (13, 14) illustrates the unusual nature of these structures in this population"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Cecal valves slow down food passage and provide for fermenting chambers, allowing commensal microorganisms to convert cellulose to volatile fatt y acids (15, 16). Indeed, in the lizards f rom Pod Mrcaru, nematodes were common in the hindgut but absent from individuals f rom PodKopiste"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Because of the larger food base available and the increase in the predict abilit y of the food source, lizard densities on Pod Mrcaru are much greater (..) lizards on Pod Mrcaru do no longer appear to defend territories. Moreover, changes in foraging style (browsing versus active pursuit of mobile prey) and social structure may also have resulted in the dramatic changes in limb proportions and maximal sprint speed previously documented for this population"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Although the presence of cecal valves and large heads in hatchlings and juveniles suggests a genetic basis for these differences, further studies investigating the potential role of phenotypic plasticity and/or maternal effects in the divergence bet ween populations are needed"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Herrell no discute mucho qué tan relevante puede ser la simbiosis con un nemátodo. Veamos un ejemplo de anfibios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Effects of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis on development, gut morphology, and fermentation in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana): a novel mutualism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gregory S. Pryor *, Karen A. Bjorndal J. Exp. Zool. 303A:704-712, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We describe a novel mutualism between bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) and a tadpole-specific gastrointestinal nematode (Gyrinicola batrachiensis). Groups of tadpoles were inoculated with viable or nonviable nematode eggs, and development, morphology, and gut fermentation activity were compared between nematode-infected and uninfected tadpoles. Nematode infection accelerated tadpole development; the mean time to metamorphosis was 16 d shorter and the range of times to metamorphosis was narrower in nematode-infected tadpoles than in uninfected tadpoles. At metamorphosis, infected and uninfected bullfrogs did not differ in body size or condition. Colon width, wet mass of colon contents, and concentrations of most fermentation byproducts (short-chain fatty acids: SCFAs) in the hindgut were greater in infected tadpoles. Furthermore, in vitro fermentation yields for all SCFAs combined were over twice as high in infected tadpoles than in uninfected tadpoles. One explanation for accelerated development in infected tadpoles is the altered hindgut fermentation associated with the nematodes. Energetic contributions of fermentation were estimated to be 20% and 9% of the total daily energy requirement for infected and uninfected tadpoles, respectively. Infection by G. batrachiensis nematodes potentially confers major ecological and evolutionary advantages to R. catesbeiana tadpoles. The mutualism between these species broadens our understanding of the taxonomic diversity and physiological contributions of fermentative gut symbionts and suggests that nematodes inhabiting the gut regions of other ectothermic herbivores might have beneficial effects in those hosts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Si bien algunos nemátodos son parásitos en reptiles, otros no lo son:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oecologia. 2006 Dec;150(3):355-61. Epub 2006&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O'Grady SP, Dearing MD. Isotopic insight into host-endosymbiont relationships in Liolaemid lizards&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nitrogen isotopes have been widely used to investigate trophic levels in ecological systems. Isotopic enrichment of 2-5 per thousand occurs with trophic level increases in food webs. Host-parasite relationships deviate from traditional food webs in that parasites are minimally enriched relative to their hosts. Although this host-parasite enrichment pattern has been shown in multiple systems, few studies have used isotopic relationships to examine other potential symbioses. We examined the relationship between two gut-nematodes and their lizard hosts. One species, Physaloptera retusa, is a documented parasite in the stomach, whereas the relationship of the other species, Parapharyngodon riojensis (pinworms), to the host is putatively commensalistic or mutualistic. Based on the established trophic enrichments, we predicted that, relative to host tissue, parasitic nematodes would be minimally enriched (0-1 per thousand), whereas pinworms, either as commensals or mutualists, would be significantly enriched by 2-5 per thousand. We measured the (15)N values of food, digesta, gut tissue, and nematodes of eight lizard species in the family Liolaemidae. Parasitic worms were enriched 1+/-0.2 per thousand relative to host tissue, while the average enrichment value for pinworms relative to gut tissue was 6.7+/-0.2 per thousand. The results support previous findings that isotopic fractionation in a host-parasite system is lower than traditional food webs. Additionally, the larger enrichment of pinworms relative to known parasites suggests that they are not parasitic and may be several trophic levels beyond the host.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Correlating diet and digestive tract specialization: Examples from the lizard family Liolaemidae&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shannon P. O’Gradya, Mariana Morandob, Luciano Avilab and M. Denise Dearinga&lt;br /&gt;Zoology 2005, 108 : 201-210&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A range of digestive tract specializations were compared among dietary categories in the family Liolaemidae to test the hypothesis that herbivores require greater gut complexity to process plant matter. Additionally, the hypothesis that herbivory favors the evolution of larger body size was tested. Lastly, the association between diet and hindgut nematodes was explored. Herbivorous liolaemids were larger relative to omnivorous and insectivorous congeners and consequently had larger guts. In addition, small intestine length of herbivorous liolaemids was disproportionately longer than that of congeners. Significant interaction effects between diet and body size among organ dimensions indicate that increases in organ size occur to a greater extent in herbivores than other diet categories. For species with plant matter in their guts, there was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of plant matter consumed and small intestine length. Herbivorous liolaemids examined in this study lacked the gross morphological specializations (cecum and colonic valves) found in herbivores in the families Iguanidae and Agamidae. A significantly greater percentage of herbivorous species had nematodes in their gut. Of the species with nematodes, over 95% of herbivores had nematodes only in the hindgut. Prevalence of nematodes in the hindgut of herbivores was 2× that of omnivores and 4× that of insectivores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Los dichosos nemátodos se encuentran en todas las especies de reptil que tienen válvulas cecales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Preguntas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Todo este cambio, en sólo 34 años.... es acaso una acumulación por selección direccional de varios genes? Grano fino, o grano grueso?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Cuánto de este cambios fenotípico drástico se debe más bien al efecto inmediato de diferentes condiciones epigenéticas, como la mentada asociación con el nemátodo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8806145478661866432?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8806145478661866432/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8806145478661866432' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8806145478661866432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8806145478661866432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/phyloepigenetics-iv-new-phenotype-in.html' title='Phyloepigenetics IV: Lagartija y  nemátodo'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4737041054756570169</id><published>2008-07-24T22:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-01T09:25:20.691-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia de la biologia'/><title type='text'>Natural drifting is not a crime</title><content type='html'>En dos publicaciones académicas, Nespolo (2003) y Medel (2008)&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SIqjqeUdSuI/AAAAAAAAAXY/vUZ5PqWwG4M/s1600-h/39d2c2f029d389a5dd393df90f6711c7.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 178px; height: 210px;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SIqjqeUdSuI/AAAAAAAAAXY/vUZ5PqWwG4M/s320/39d2c2f029d389a5dd393df90f6711c7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5227170267605584610" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; han citado el trabajo de Maturana y Mpodozis (1992, 2000 "El origen de las especies por medio de la deriva natural" ) como una fuente de  daño a la biología evolutiva en Chile. Es una discusión  de ideas, pero el tema moral-acusatorio nos lleva a la vez a una discusión sobre personas (Sorpresa! esos señores  Maturana y Mpodozis). La propuesta de  Nespolo y Medel es simple:  sencillamente  no hay lugar para la deriva natural en la ciencia (y por esto, es dañina, sobre todo si la enseñan en pregrado).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo, la idea de esta "mala influencia" está refutada por los hechos. Somos varios los que hemos pasado por el lab de biología del conocer y que desarrollamos investigación en journals de evolución. ¿Cómo es que se llega a ese tipo de acusaciones, entonces?&lt;div&gt;Algunos se dejan confundir por las apariencias. Para catalogarlo de "no-ciencia", les basta considerar que lo de  M&amp;amp;M es medio filosófico, que está  publicado en una humilde revistilla local, y que ha sido escrita por investigadores cuyos trabajos de investigación más técnicos son predominantemente en la neurobiología de las aves (y no así en ecología evolutiva, por ejemplo). Pero nada de esto tendría que ver con el contenido de la propuesta de la "deriva natural". No requiere haberla siquiera leído. Cuidado con las brumas del chauvinismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La deriva no es un trabajo altamente técnico como el que pueda publicar Nespolo en &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Evolution&lt;/span&gt;. Todos tenemos un "esquema" complejo que inspira nuestra investigación, compuesto de varias ideas conectadas  y el cual conviene mucho discutir y reinventar. Esto por lo general no es posible por medio de un sólo trabajo o review técnico,  y muchas veces se hace en libros, publicaciones ocasionales y revistillas humildes. Es lo que se llama "inspirational writing" y hacerlo no constituye una abominable práctica anticientífica. Más bien, es una de las tradiciones más queridas de la biología evolutiva (sea del color que sea!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tampoco es que necesitemos de la venia académica especial de Medel o Nespolo. Las nociones evolutivas de la deriva natural (Maturana y Varela 1973, 1984, Maturana y Mpodozis 1992) no son ajenas a la discusión teórica de la biología evolutiva (&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Environment-Development-Evolution-Synthesis-Theoretical/dp/0262083191/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1217039475&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;Balon 2003, &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/conditions-of-evolution-and-adaptation.html"&gt;Roth 1982&lt;/a&gt;). También se cita el aporte de Maturana y Varela en temáticas  tan importantes  para la comprensión de la evolución como lo es la discusión sobre el rol de los genes (&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Cycles-Contingency-Developmental-Philosophical-Psychology/dp/0262150530/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1217039529&amp;amp;sr=1-3"&gt;Neuman-Held 2000&lt;/a&gt;) y la auto-organización en los seres vivos (&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/At-Home-Universe-Self-Organization-Complexity/dp/0195111303/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1217039575&amp;amp;sr=1-2"&gt;Kauffman 1996&lt;/a&gt;). Los escritos de Maturana y coautores han sido traducidos a distintos idiomas (incluyendo la &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/naturelle-diversification-conservation-changement-ontog%C3%A9niques/dp/2729706437/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1217043101&amp;amp;sr=8-2"&gt;deriva natural&lt;/a&gt;) y han producido discusión en varias ramas de la biología, una de las cuales es la biología evolutiva. Otra es el campo de la abiogénesis (origen de la vida; &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Emergence-Life-Chemical-Origins-Synthetic/dp/0521821177/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1217039631&amp;amp;sr=1-2"&gt;Luigi Luisi 2006&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/What-Life-Lynn-Margulis/dp/0520220218"&gt;Margulis 2000&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medel y Nespolo se concentran en la acusación central de que  M&amp;amp;M es un repudiable trabajo no-científico. Como es un trabajo que supuestamente no vale la pena, la discusión del contenido es notablemente rudimentaria y selectiva. Sólo dan a entender dos cosas 1) lo encuentran confuso y mal escrito, que no se entiende y/o  2) no perdonan el destronamiento de la selección natural  como principal mecanismo evolutivo o "fuerza" detrás de la adaptación.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ni una palabra sobre autopoiesis, genotipo total, el campo epigénico, la noción sistémica de herencia, el nicho ontogénico...todos temas recurrentes en M&amp;amp;M y en este blog. No dan la menor luz de comprender el "core" de la propuesta de M&amp;amp;M.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como el epicentro de la acción es la  facultad de ciencias de la universidad de chile, resulta que tenemos muchos amigos en común algunos de los cuales sufren cuando corren estas discrepancias y que desean, correctamente, que seamos todos amigos. Pero tengan en cuenta que nadie les ha hecho a ellos jamás acusaciones públicas (y menos en medios académicos) de tener ideas no científicas y de dañar a la ciencia en Chile. Al acusar de estas cosas, no es como que ellos se dejen  a sí mismos mucha opción que no sea el rechazo absoluto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4737041054756570169?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4737041054756570169/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4737041054756570169' title='18 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4737041054756570169'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4737041054756570169'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/natural-drifting-is-not-crime.html' title='Natural drifting is not a crime'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SIqjqeUdSuI/AAAAAAAAAXY/vUZ5PqWwG4M/s72-c/39d2c2f029d389a5dd393df90f6711c7.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>18</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-6406079758280891641</id><published>2008-07-24T07:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-24T08:07:12.969-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Onde Está o organismo?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SIiZQ7SRxAI/AAAAAAAAAfY/1l2C7uJggvA/s1600-h/organism-Nature.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5226595883634770946" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SIiZQ7SRxAI/AAAAAAAAAfY/1l2C7uJggvA/s400/organism-Nature.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;A discussão do post anterior tratava dessa metáfora informacionista da Biologia oficial, e coincidentemente agora recebi do professor Nelson Vaz esse artigo publicado hoje na revista Nature. Essa é a figura que, segunda eles, representa um organismo. Está tão preciosa que julguei merecer um post.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;É muito interessante essa figura porque além de um emaranhado de fios transportando a informação e de um painel de controle central desta informação, o organismo aí é uma Caixa (não preta, mas cinza, neste desenho). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Está posto claramente ali: NÃO SABEMOS E NÃO NOS IMPORTA SABER O QUE SE PASSA LÁ DENTRO DESSA CAIXA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;hahahahah&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Não somos nós que estamos dizendo que esta abordagem da Biologia exclui o organismo, são eles  mesmos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;abraços Gustavo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Ref: Nurse, P. Life, logic and information. &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; 454: 424-426&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-6406079758280891641?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/6406079758280891641/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=6406079758280891641' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/6406079758280891641'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/6406079758280891641'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/onde-est-o-organismo.html' title='Onde Está o organismo?'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SIiZQ7SRxAI/AAAAAAAAAfY/1l2C7uJggvA/s72-c/organism-Nature.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7565606993869305237</id><published>2008-07-22T19:55:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-30T12:24:48.930-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='metáfora digital'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia epigenética'/><title type='text'>What is so informative about information?</title><content type='html'>What is so informative about information?&lt;br /&gt;Carlos M. Hamame, Diego Cosmelli, and Francisco Aboitiz (2007) . Comentario sobre: "Précis of Evolution in Four Dimensions" Eva Jablonka and Marion J lamb&lt;br /&gt;Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30: 371 – 372&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract: &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Understanding evolution beyond a gene-centered vision is a fertile ground for new questions and approaches. However, in this systemic perspective, we take issue with the necessity of the concept of information. Through the example of brain and language evolution, we propose the autonomous systems theory as a more biologically relevant framework for the evolutionary perspective offered by Jablonka &amp;amp; Lamb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hablando del tremendo daño a Chile con que según Medel (2008) carga el legado de Maturana, ya mencionaba anteriormente que por aquel fatídico templo de endoctrinamiento que era el lab "el rayo" había pasado Francisco Aboitiz.  Ahora, entiéndase bien: Aboitiz tiene "ADN" darwinista. Al menos donde quedamos la última vez, la cuestión era la selección natural, y le molestaba el manejo de M&amp;amp;M de ese tema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En realidad, pasar por el lab de Maturana no es un lavado de cerebro. Cada cual termina recogiendo lo que le guste, aunque no esté de acuerdo con otra cosa. Por lo general, se quedan con algo. Es por eso que fue grato leer el artículo arriba citado, donde estos autores producen una elegante crítica de Jablonka y Lamb muy en sintonía con nuestra forma de pensar:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"However, while the authors dispute the gene-centered notion and consider evolution as a systemic multilayered phenomenon, we believe they fall short in one critical aspect: J&amp;amp;L rely heavily on the notion of “information transmission” in a rather loose manner. Their approach is liable to the argument that in order to have any such thing, one needs a transmitter, a message, and a receiver – something that is not easily found when dealing with biological phenomena"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"One influential hypothesis states that living systems are those that maintain organizational closure: they are constituted by networks of self-sustaining processes, regardless of the materials used to instantiate such loops; that is, they are autonomous systems (Maturana &amp;amp; Varela 1973; Varela 1979). When one understands organisms this way, the notion of information transmission becomes less appealing: a closed system cannot “have” information in itself"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El artículo de Hamame et al 2007 está en el grupoyahoo bajo el nombre "Précis of Evolution in Four Dimensions" Muy recomendado&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7565606993869305237?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7565606993869305237/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7565606993869305237' title='7 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7565606993869305237'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7565606993869305237'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/what-is-so-informative-about.html' title='What is so informative about information?'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-6295297548167072902</id><published>2008-07-22T07:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-22T08:40:27.011-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aprendizaje'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Sobre las Malas Influencias de la Deriva Natural</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;“Although this doctrine stimulated an interesting debate among &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Chilean naturalists it had a strong detrimental impact on several &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;cohorts of students, ultimately retarding the advance of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;evolutionary biology research in Chile”….&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/la-historia-de-la-biologa-evolutiva-en.html"&gt;Medel, 2008&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5225853795290529970" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 368px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 281px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="291" alt="" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SIX2VsxrQLI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/PkigNBDpb2I/s320/PAPER+2008.bmp" width="394" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Queridos Amigos&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Después de muchas batallas editoriales, por fin ha salido en papel el quinto artículo y final de mi tesis acerca del aprendizaje olfativo en la búsqueda de pareja en avispas parasitoides (en la base de datos).&lt;br /&gt;Estos trabajos exploran el valor del aprendizaje en diferentes estados de la ontogenia del insecto y como estas instancias están relacionadas con la preferencia de hábitat reproductivo y la fidelidad al hospedero.&lt;br /&gt;En el caso de insectos que viven con fuerte dependencia a otro organismo, como por ejemplo una planta huésped, este tipo de aprendizaje podria estar relacionado con del origen de razas especializadas a hospederos y especiación simpátrica. Esto ha comenzado a reconocerse por varios autores contemporaneos trabajando en interacción insecto-planta (ver referencias en post &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/bfalo-o-buey.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"&gt;¿Búfalo o Buey?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;"&gt; por ejemplo). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Estos experimentitos fueron enriquecido por las&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt; interesantes conversaciones sobre evolución y comportamiento con Jompoma y Marín en la Chile, las discusiones sobre especiación simpatrica en insectos con el querido Profesor Frías en la UMCE, y esas agradables tardes de viernes del Decenio en el Rayo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Tal como ha sido el caso de muchos otros investigadores jovenes de Chile y Brasil (estudiantes de esas "cohortes mal influenciadas") este trabajo fué inspirado por el marco teórico de la biología sistémico-histórica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;¡Viva la Revolution!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Cristian Villagra, PhD&lt;br /&gt;Postdoctoral Associate&lt;br /&gt;Dept. Neurobiology and Behavior&lt;br /&gt;Cornell University, Ithaca, NY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-6295297548167072902?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/6295297548167072902/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=6295297548167072902' title='13 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/6295297548167072902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/6295297548167072902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/sobre-las-malas-influencias-de-la.html' title='Sobre las Malas Influencias de la Deriva Natural'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SIX2VsxrQLI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/PkigNBDpb2I/s72-c/PAPER+2008.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>13</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4531850026358207216</id><published>2008-07-14T05:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-16T11:53:09.716-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='desarrollo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='acoplamiento estructural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><title type='text'>Fisiologia (Cardíaca) Desenvolvimental</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHtIbI5lsxI/AAAAAAAAAfI/gdq4tG9NCTs/s1600-h/cardio.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222847823948919570" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHtIbI5lsxI/AAAAAAAAAfI/gdq4tG9NCTs/s400/cardio.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHtGzxwICYI/AAAAAAAAAe4/r2eT7Pv7vjw/s1600-h/fisiologia+cardiaca+desenvolvimental.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Um dos maiores problemas da biologia pré-formacionista e adultocêntrica é o desprezo óbvio pela &lt;strong&gt;história&lt;/strong&gt;. Foca-se nos genes do ovo e então se pula direto para se mirar dois adultos competindo por sexo e comida. Bom, esse hiato que nos esconde a história do organismo, um ponto cego na biologia neo-Darwinista, é justamente um dos pontos de interesse de Teorias realmente epigenéticas, como a Deriva Natural. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Curiosamente, ao ser pré-formacionista e adultocêntrica, esta biologia é também finalista. Por esta razão, mesmo no momento em que o desenvolvimento retorna a ser uma disciplina relevante para a Biologia, vemos também surgir o &lt;em&gt;Bad &lt;/em&gt;e o &lt;em&gt;Ugly&lt;/em&gt; (termos colocados pelo Vargas em outro post), enquanto a &lt;strong&gt;história&lt;/strong&gt; continua ausente do foco no &lt;em&gt;mainstream&lt;/em&gt;. E nesta &lt;em&gt;developmental fashion week&lt;/em&gt;, continua-se a mirar um embrião como um adulto incompleto, como um simples &lt;strong&gt;trânsito &lt;/strong&gt;para o estágio final – finalismo velado! &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lembro-me que quando o Mpodozis esteve aqui em Florianópolis ele comentou que deveríamos entender um fígado embrionário no contexto da dinâmica do embrião, e não pensando no que ele deverá estar fazendo enquanto um fígado no animal adulto. Por este motivo, me agradou muito encontrar esse artigo que fala de uma “&lt;em&gt;Fisiologia cardíaca desenvolvimental&lt;/em&gt;” – termo criado pelo autor, que explicita sua preocupação em compreender o que faz o coração no embrião, no contexto do desenvolvimento, não como um órgão se preparando para bombear sangue no futuro! Isso é muito relevante, pois quase todas as descrições do desenvolvimento cardíaco têm esse viés de explicar a formação de um órgão para bombear sangue. É explicação baseada nas expectativas do observador, que remete ao futuro, e que desreipeita uma lógica de construção histórica.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora falando de fato sobre o assunto, vejam vocês, que curioso: nos períodos mais iniciais do desenvolvimento embrionário, o embrião realiza suas trocas gasosas através de uma simples difusão; até que a partir de um certo tamanho isso não é mais possível e então se observa que há ali agora uma circulação sanguínea e um coração batendo! Então isso basta para se dizer que o coração surgiu para manter a oxigenação. Mas vejam neste gráfico. Ao contrário do que se esperava desde uma perspectiva funcionalista (painel superior da figura), o coração começa a bater ANTES do embrião atingir esse tamanho que impossibilita a difusão (figura do painel inferior).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quer dizer, nos períodos iniciais está lá o animalzinho fazendo difusão e batendo seu coração... Tira-se fora o coração aí e o que se passa? O embrião continua vivendo e oxigenando seus tecidos. O coração surge num contexto independente desta função de nutrição de oxigênio. Não surge &lt;strong&gt;para&lt;/strong&gt; realizar esta função, que atribuímos ao coração no adulto. O que faz o coração aí? Para entender isso, precisamos entender seu contexto de relações e sua história, não sua finalidade (sua função), por isso a explicação funcionalista não nos serve.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Então encontrei este elegante manuscrito de Waddington (1937): “THE DEPENDENCE OF HEAD CURVATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART IN THE CHICK EMBRYO”, em que ele remove o coração do embrião para observar as conseqüências disso no resto desenvolvimento. Os principais achados dele eu reproduzo aqui:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;em&gt;1. The heart was removed from chick embryos of seven to twelve somites, and the embryos cultivated in vitro. The operation abolished the normal twisting of the anterior part of the embryo on to its left side and the general bending of the brain region into an arc. These two processes therefore seem to be dependent on the normal development of the heart.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The embryos showed a bending of the forebrain relative to the midbrain, which is therefore independent of the development of the heart.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;3. The embryonic blood system, including the aortic arches, developed normally in many cases, but the blood vessels became enormously dilated. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The lateral evaginations of the foregut and the visceral arch mesenchyme underwent the first stages of differentiation in atypical positions, seemingly independently of each other or of any other structures&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enfim, compartilho com vocês este raro momento em que se mira a construção de um órgão sem se preocupar com a sua finalidade, sem vê-lo como um trânsito para sua futura função.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abraços,&lt;br /&gt;Gustavo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referencias&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Burggren, W., Crossley, D. A. Comparative cardiovascular development: improving the conceptual framework. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10956433"&gt;Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular &amp;amp; Integrative Physiology&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&amp;amp;_tockey=%23TOC%236179%232002%23998679995%23322703%23FLA%23&amp;amp;_cdi=6179&amp;amp;_pubType=J&amp;amp;_auth=y&amp;amp;_acct=C000037882&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=687353&amp;amp;md5=a9ab72c4f4dd940a6d46b9d90e53b68f"&gt;Volume 132, Issue 4&lt;/a&gt;, August 2002, Pages 661-674.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Waddington C_1937.The dependence of head curvature on the development of the heart in the chick embryo. J Exp Biol&lt;br /&gt;14:229]231&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4531850026358207216?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4531850026358207216/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4531850026358207216' title='12 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4531850026358207216'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4531850026358207216'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/fisiologia-cardaca-desenvolvimental.html' title='Fisiologia (Cardíaca) Desenvolvimental'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHtIbI5lsxI/AAAAAAAAAfI/gdq4tG9NCTs/s72-c/cardio.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>12</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3563535342900499917</id><published>2008-07-10T12:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-11T06:03:23.559-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasticidad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='internalizacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenetic permeability'/><title type='text'>¿Búfalo o Buey?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:large;"&gt;Plasticity in the use of novel environments: Direct Internalization and Secondary isolation mechanisms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHZiPR-OftI/AAAAAAAAAeg/92_-Q_hiYwM/s200/Jackson+Hole.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221468832644628178" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Bufallo bull at Jackson Hole, WY, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A premise of Natural Selection (NS) is that an organism can not avoid environmental pressures and, utterly succumb or succeed under nature’s phenotypic filter. As a consequence, those exaptative phenotypes that survive the filter will be conserved in evolutionary time, meanwhile others are eliminated. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This selective operation has worked very well for centuries in the history of the relationship of humans and domesticated animals. The breeder can select the phenotypes that she/he wants, and eliminate the others. However, this operation may not apply as an historic explanation for life’s properties and diversity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Among several factors that may complicate the selective scenario, lets take a look at the use of novel habitats as a way for an organism to escape its elimination under selective pressures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Here I will review the role of phenotypic plasticity and learning, inner properties of organism, in accommodating organism ontogenetic niche for the use of novel habitats. The role of learning as a source of novelty had been largely discussed starting with Balwin’s seminal paper in 1886. Examples of plastic changes in the use of novel habitat or under habitat changes can be found in almost all the living groups. Interestingly, in some of these cases, the plastic changes not only help the organism to withstand NS, but also help to expand their niches and diversify. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This natural drift can be originated, among other factors, by the direct internalization of novel habitat pressures on the inheritance system of the organism. For example by epigenetic processes, like DNA methylation induced by diet or stress. Other sources of internalization may include mutation induced under stress, like transposable elements activity or DNA polymerase activity among others. Under other category of internalization we can consider all kinds of symbiogenesis, described by DeBary in 1873, as the generation of “individuality by incorporation”. The use of a new host by a parasitic organism, cohabitation, or other kind of long-term living association, results in symbiogenesis: the appearance of new bodies, new organs, and  new species. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Alternatively the diversification in novel habitats can be a consequence of phenotypic canalization of the ontogenetic niche. Under this alternative, plastic changes related with the use of the novel habitat contribute to the sympatric or parapatric isolation of the organism experiencing it, and secondarily, these isolation mechanisms would affect  inheritance processes. Evidences of this kid of processes can be found in many orders, many cases of these have been discussed in Nucleo Decenio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Thus, under the pressures of a phenotypic filter like natural selection, the organism had at least some alternatives beside to be just eliminated, thanks to plasticity and the use of novel environment, leading a change in its ontogenetic niche.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The selective reductionism framework of the “Modern Synthesis” has been proven to be an incomplete picture for understanding evolution. An actualized view of evolutionary biology has to include in first place a theory of the organism, considering its properties as protagonist of its own ontogenetic and phylogenetic change. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;“..Although Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution laid the foundations of modern biology, it did not tell the whole story. Most remarkably, The Origin of Species said very little about, of all things, the origins of species. Darwin and his modern successors have shown very convincingly how inherited variations are naturally selected, but they leave unanswered how variant organisms come to be in the first place..”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Lynn Margulis, 1998.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;     Cristian Villagra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agrawal AA. (2001) Phenotypic Plasticity in the Interaction and Evolution of Species. Science, 294.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beltman JB., P Haccou &amp;amp; CT Cate (2004) Learning and Colonization of New Niches, A first step towards speciation. Evolution, 58, pp. 35–46.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Donohue K. (2004) Niche construction through phenological plasticity: life history dynamics and ecological consequences. New Phytologist. Vol 166: 83-92.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dre`s M &amp;amp; Mallet J (2002) Host races in plant-feeding insects and their importance in sympatric speciation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 357, 471–492.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hegrenes S. (2001) Diet-induced phenotypic plasticity of feeding morphology in the orangespotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis. Ecology of Freshwater Fish.10: 35–42.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jablonka E. &amp;amp; Lamb’ M. J. (1998) Epigenetic inheritance in evolution. J. evol. biol. 11 159-183.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Lozada-Chávez I, Janga S.Ch. &amp;amp; Collado-Vides J. (2006) Bacterial regulatory networks are extremely flexible in evolution. Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(12):3434-3445.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;Margulis L. (1998) Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Basic Books, 147pp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maturana-Romesin H &amp;amp; Mpodozis J (2000) The origin of species by means of natural drift.  Rev. chil. hist. nat. v.73 n.2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stamps J. (2003) Behavioural processes affecting development: Tinbergen’s fourth&lt;br /&gt;question comes of age. Behaviour. 66:1-13.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trussell GC (2000) Phenotypic Clines, Plasticity, and Morphological Trade-offs in an intertidial Snail. Evolution, 54: 151–166.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3563535342900499917?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3563535342900499917/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3563535342900499917' title='11 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3563535342900499917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3563535342900499917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/bfalo-o-buey.html' title='¿Búfalo o Buey?'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SHZiPR-OftI/AAAAAAAAAeg/92_-Q_hiYwM/s72-c/Jackson+Hole.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2076315831837526997</id><published>2008-07-08T16:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:23:48.075-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>NOTHING IN EVOLUTION MAKES SENSE BUT IN THE LIGHT OF BIOLOGY</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SHYzJv623GI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/FkmpxPRmR_g/s1600-h/dobzhanky%2Bchile.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SHYzJv623GI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/FkmpxPRmR_g/s400/dobzhanky%2Bchile.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5221417060557839458" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Inverted Dobzhansky (in Chilean Andes)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This phrase was recently uttered at an &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2008/04/the_morning_session_at_the_ore.php"&gt;evo-devo symposium  &lt;/a&gt;by MQ Martindale. By turning Dobzhansky's dictum on its head, Martindale was referring to how the study of the development of marine invertebrates is crucial to reconstruct  the evolutionary history of metazoa (1). However, this phrase can find unsuspected depths in its resonance, quite beyond the reconstruction of natural history. It reminds us of the big crime that was the elimination of developmental biology from the neodarwinian synthesis  (buried in the name of population genetics).&lt;br /&gt;In fact, the actual priority that should be given to organismal biology, including development, continues to evade much mainstream evolutionary biology, which continues to show too much adaptationist-reduccionist nonsense as a result of a doctrinary enthronization of population genetics.&lt;br /&gt;Take the case of Richard Lewontin. He gets close to the truth on many counts but does not acknowledge the centrality of having a theory of organism. Without this, placing the focus on population genetics (his field) will always be misleading: the organism is collapsed between the gene level and the population level. In other words, to get a correct view of evolution Lewontin would have to renounce to population genetics as the basic framework and thus be willing to erase the blackboard for a new starting point. Notice that by erasing the blackboard I do not mean to destroy the achievements of population genetics,  denying any of  its utility for answering specific questions. It is merely not to consider it as starting point of all evolutionary understanding.&lt;br /&gt;In fact, biology is a larger topic than population genetics, even larger than evolution itself.  Yet the absence of a generally accepted theory of organism has led to confuse the branch with the root: thus the vaccum at the  roots is not properly acknowledged.&lt;br /&gt;This, however, did not happen to Humberto Maturana upon being asked by a medicine student "what happened at the origin of life, such that we can say that life began?". Suddenly realizing he did not have a theory of organism, Maturana blushed and was only capable of promising the student he would think it over and answer his question next year.&lt;br /&gt;The result, as many chilean and brazilian biologists already know, was the theory of autopoiesis, a theory of the basic organization of the living. A systems perpective providing minimal theoretical terms for understanding exactly what is goig on in organisms, such that they exhibit the properties we observe. This is not a definiton made for evolutionary biology; it is a definition for life, and as such, universal to all biology. This is why the notion of auotopoiesis has proven fruitful in the theoretical discussion of fields of biology that would appear completely dispar, for instance, the study of abiogenesis; inmunology; and neurobiology (not to mention a somewhat distorted use of the term that has become very popular in the social sciences).&lt;br /&gt;And it so happens that  the systems perspective of autopoiesis, focused on the organism,  has implications for the understanding of &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/conditions-of-evolution-and-adaptation.html"&gt;evolution&lt;/a&gt;, too...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(1): Like myself, Martindale proposes a ctenophore-like ancestor of bilateria: See Vargas and Aboitiz 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2076315831837526997?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2076315831837526997/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2076315831837526997' title='17 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2076315831837526997'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2076315831837526997'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/nothing-in-evolution-makes-sense-but-in.html' title='NOTHING IN EVOLUTION MAKES SENSE BUT IN THE LIGHT OF BIOLOGY'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SHYzJv623GI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/FkmpxPRmR_g/s72-c/dobzhanky%2Bchile.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>17</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7939128916116218758</id><published>2008-07-07T11:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-07-30T12:29:26.917-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>¿Qué es una adaptación?</title><content type='html'>Desde la perspectiva seleccionista, una adaptación es un rasgo  que confiere una ventaja selectiva, es decir, algo que tiende a imponerse en la población. Un problema evidente de esta definición es que existen muchas adaptaciones que evidentemente no confieren  ninguna ventaja competitiva, ya que estan presentes en todos los miembros de una población, por ejemplo, los ojos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desde una perspectiva sistémica, podría argumentarse que un rasgo adpatativo es un rasgo cuya modificación tiene el efecto de que el sistema pierde su organizacion y las propiedades que resultan de esta (generalmente, la desintegración de un ser vivo). Sacamos una parte de la máquina; si sigue funcionando, no era una adaptación, sino un rasgo neutro. Un rasgo estructural concreto, pero de ninguna relevancia sistémica inmediata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El darwinista reclamará que esta perspectiva no incluye la reproducción: por ejemplo, si le corto un cuerno a un ciervo, puede argumentarse que éste tendrá menor "éxito reproductivo", pero no se morirá. Ya que el ciervo aún conserva su autopoiesis tras perder sus cuernos, ¿podemos afirmar que los cuernos no son una adaptación?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En este punto es interesante priorizar a la autopoiesis sobre la reproducción como condición de lo viviente. La noción sistémica de adaptación no contempla la reproducción. Hay buenos argumentos teóricos y  empíricos para justificar esta exclusión. De partida, pese a tener cuernos muchos ciervos no se reproducen, y en muchos agregados sociales de organismos (partiendo por la comunidad celular que consitituyen nuestros cuerpos)  se diferencian linajes que no son capaces de reproducirse: en tanto se reúnan las condiciones para que se repita un fenotipo que no se reproduce, este fenotipo se continuará  repitiendo y podrá constituir un linaje.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El hacer estas distinciones no implica desconocer el hecho de que los organismos generalmente se generan  por algún tipo de reproducción en vez de abiogénesis (nótese que la autoreproducción no es un requisito: puede ser aloreproducción, también). Lo que sucede es que la adaptación se constata a un nivel organísmico más básico. La constitución de un linaje es un fenómeno diferente, que requiere de la previa conservación de la adaptación. Quizás es legítimo decir que para la constitución de un linaje, la reproduccion es una condición adicional. Pero no lo es para constatar la adaptación.  ¿Es esta la distinción apropiada? ¿Es necesario agregar algo más?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nótese que según la noción sistémica, en la constitución de un nuevo linaje, la adaptación se conserva, pero no puede decirse de ninguna manera significativa que la adaptación &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;aumenta. &lt;/span&gt;La noción de Fisher,  de que un &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;aumento&lt;/span&gt; de la adaptación es un requisito para que ocurra evolucion, no reviste ninguna utilidad  científica. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7939128916116218758?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7939128916116218758/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7939128916116218758' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7939128916116218758'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7939128916116218758'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/07/qu-es-un-ragso-adaptativo.html' title='¿Qué es una adaptación?'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4018558037964821082</id><published>2008-06-27T12:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-27T16:20:04.672-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Filogenia Rara de las Aves</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SGV1mxX4I8I/AAAAAAAAADA/pOZFchVVC4c/s1600-h/320_1763_F2.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SGV1mxX4I8I/AAAAAAAAADA/pOZFchVVC4c/s400/320_1763_F2.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216705052327551938" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SGVB65SH27I/AAAAAAAAAC4/CsB6MFkB408/s1600-h/320_1763_F4.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SGVB65SH27I/AAAAAAAAAC4/CsB6MFkB408/s400/320_1763_F4.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216648223443639218" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History&lt;br /&gt;Shannon J. Hackett, Rebecca T. Kimball, Sushma Reddy, Rauri C. K. Bowie, Edward L. Braun, Michael J. Braun, Jena L. Chojnowski, W. Andrew Cox, Kin-Lan Han, John Harshman, Christopher J. Huddleston, Ben D. Marks, Kathleen J. Miglia, William S. Moore, Frederick H. Sheldon, David W. Steadman, Christopher C. Witt, and Tamaki Yuri&lt;br /&gt;Science Jun 27 2008: 1763-1768.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4018558037964821082?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4018558037964821082/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4018558037964821082' title='7 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4018558037964821082'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4018558037964821082'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/filogenia-rara-de-las-aves.html' title='Filogenia Rara de las Aves'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SGV1mxX4I8I/AAAAAAAAADA/pOZFchVVC4c/s72-c/320_1763_F2.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-9220058419771477192</id><published>2008-06-25T11:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-16T21:35:29.444-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='historia de la biologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>La historia de la biología evolutiva en Chile... según Medel</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SGPmHff1iJI/AAAAAAAAAWw/lL8wb-u_rsE/s1600-h/losolvidados.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SGPmHff1iJI/AAAAAAAAAWw/lL8wb-u_rsE/s400/losolvidados.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5216265809813670034" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;(ATENCIÓN: NO OLVIDAR LEER ADEMÁS ACLARACIÓN AL PIE DE ESTA NOTA)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hace poco me llegó un PDF de un trabajo "en prensa" de Rodrigo Medel (Facultad de ciencias de la universidad de chile). Aunque no sé donde se publicará, entiendo que Medel mismo autorizó la distribución de este material y que no existen contraindicaciones para discutirlo acá; el PDF lo encontrarán donde siempre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El trabajo es lo más reciente en lo que han sido una serie de opininones publicadas sobre el estudio de la biología evolutiva en Chile. Medel encaja claramente en el perfil de lo que el historiador de la biología Ron Amundson (2005)  describe como "synthesis historiographer", es decir, alguien cuya narrativa de la historia se entrelaza con una defensa del neodarwinismo.  Presenta ciertas distorsiones típicas, especialmente la tendencia a ver la genética de poblaciones como la iniciativa más valiosa: Debido a esto, los logros de personajes de esta área (como Danko Brncic) son enfatizados, mientras que falla en documentar o evaluar apropiadamente el desarrollo e importancia logrado desde otras áreas de la evolución en Chile. Adicionalmente, Medel confronta la crítica al énfasis en la selección natural en Chile como una especie de aberrante  enfermedad local, sin reconocer que se trata de un fenómeno  internacional que desde los 60's viene desestabilizando la hegemonía alguna vez gozada por el neodarwinismo (  su  "edad dorada" fue la postguerra de los 40's-50's)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una notable omisión histórica hecha por Medel es la corta pero influyente estadía del prestigioso paleontólogo y biólogo argentino&lt;a href="http://static.wikipedia.org/new/wikipedia/en/articles/o/s/v/Osvaldo_Reig_23d5.html"&gt; Osvaldo Reig&lt;/a&gt;, quien trabajó en la facultad de medicina de la U. de Chile, y que fue nada menos que el fundador del instituto de ecología y evolución de la Universidad Austral (según al menos dos obituarios, en &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;J Mammalogy&lt;/span&gt; y &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Genetica&lt;/span&gt;).  La estadía de Reig fue corta, debiendo escapar para el golpe militar, pero dejó huella , especialmente en el acercamiento citogenético al estudio de la evolución en Chile. Reig también  trabajó en el museum of comparative zoology en Harvard, y es un inolvidable de la paleontología de vertebrados tras estudiar el "clásico" dinosaurio temprano&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrerasaurus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; Herrerasaurus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es notable, además, que Medel no hiciera investigación alguna del interesante conflicto que se dió en la U. de Chile entre los naturalistas-profesores y médicos-experimentalistas, y las fracturas que ante el desprecio mutuo han sido la única solución:  la separación del pedagógico de la U. de Chile, y la separación del departamento de ecología y biología al interior de la facultad de ciencias. La patente existencia de  los naturalistas-profesores como tradición aparte no es rescatada por Medel. Pero el instituto de entomología de la UMCE sigue ahí. El profesor &lt;a href="http://www.umce.cl/entomologia/personal_02.html"&gt;Daniel Frías&lt;/a&gt;, que trabaja en la genética de insectos,  ha publicado un interesante libro sobre sus estudios de evolución de insectos, un libro muy serio, de escasa afinidad con la ortodoxia darwinista, y que Medel por supuesto, no incluyó en su  censurada  "foto"  de la diversidad intelectual chilena en materias de evolución.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El siguiente "cuento" muestra los prejuicios torpemente disimulados de Medel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"When democracy was re-established in 1990, after 17 years of military dictatorship, teaching and research in genetics and evolutionary biology had not changed substantially  neither in scope nor depth, in part due to the political isolation of Chile, which restricted the chance of academic and student exchange with foreign countries. The development of evolutionary biology in Chile during that period was kept constant at best. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;With only a couple of exceptions, the few courses of evolution available emphasized non-scientific topics&lt;/span&gt; that provided fertile ground for epistemological discussions but not for scientific research"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De qué se hablaba en la mayoría de las clases de evolución  en los 80's? De astrología?  Creacionismo?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La calificación de "no-ciencia" nos dice más sobre la visión "positivista simple" de Medel, que separa del todo epistemología  de  ciencia.&lt;br /&gt;Aunque culpando a los alcances negativos (innegables) de la dictadura imperante, Medel  reconoce que en los 70's y  80's hubo un estancamiento dentro de la   genética de poblaciones. Sin embargo, en otras áreas (específicamente en el área de la neurobiología) en Chile se desarrollaba un nuevo marco teórico para la biología, basado en la teoría de sistemas, del cual se desprenderían importantes  implicaciones evolutivas.&lt;br /&gt;Este nuevo esquema no se construye pensando en la genética de poblaciones, sino para la biología en general.  Desde un punto de partida completamente distinto, se recuperan conclusiones sobre la evolución, esbozadas algunas en los libros clásicos &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Maturana"&gt;Maturana &lt;/a&gt;y &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela"&gt;Varela&lt;/a&gt; ("De máquinas y seres vivos" 1973, "El árbol del conocimiento" 1982). Se trata de los únicos libros de biología teórica escritos por chilenos  que han disfrutado de verdadero éxito académico y editorial, nacional e internacional. Pero medel decidió no mencionarlos en su historia. Medel se nos hace el loco con el éxito de la noción de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis"&gt;autopoiesis &lt;/a&gt;introducida por Maturana y Varela para caracterizar a los sistemas vivientes. Desconoce la innegable influencia  teórica y experimental que ha tenido la noción de autopoiesis en el campo del origen de la vida. Desconoce los vínculos de Maturana con Heinz Von Foerster, y su categoría  como  uno de los pioneros de la teoría de sistemas en su aplicación a la biología.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Y por supuesto desconoce todo valor al trabajo de Maturana y Mpodozis 1992, publicación especial del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile, el cual es  un trabajo que Medel aún no es capaz de entender. Si leyera con cuidadito, sabría que este es un trabajo realmente adelantado a su tiempo, que diagnosticó con anticipación la actualmente revindicada  importancia de la plasticidad fenotípica, además de introducir nociones sistémicas de herencia y desarrollo,  todo esto muy en línea con lo más recientemente expresado por destacados autores como Piggliuccci, West-Eberhardt, Oyama, Weiss y otros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Medel continúa contando cuentos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"More specifically, by questioning not only the prevalence but the entire existence of natural selection as a force driving evolutionary change, a peculiar all-inclusive perspective elaborated in the 70s gained adherents in young and uninformed undergraduate students (see Maturana-Romesín &amp;amp; Mpodozis 2000). Although this doctrine stimulated an interesting debate among Chilean naturalists (e.g., Gallardo 1997, Camus 2000, Nespolo 2003), it had a strong detrimental impact on several cohorts of students, ultimately retarding the advance of evolutionary biology research in Chile. Fortunately, the situation has changed in the last few years as an increasing number of students are involved in scientific research on a diverse array of evolutionary questions. For example, although still in their infancy, the areas more developed in Chile are evolutionary ecology, population and quantitative genetics, systematic biology, and biogeography. Areas less represented include genomics-bioinformatics, and paleobiology. The areas still absent include experimental evolution and evodevo (Roberto Nespolo, pers. comm.)"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este tipo de tonterías son transparentes en su mera motivación denostadora, porque son completamente falsas. Medel intenta tapar el sol con un dedo.  La verdad es que, dentro de esas cohortes de pobres alumnos que se "perdieron" en el maligno  lavado de cerebro  Maturánico,  han surgido los  únicos exponentes del Evo-Devo en Chile (Que sí, Medel, que el evo-devo en Chile existe, diga lo que te diga nespolito). El más antiguo Evo-Devo de Chile es Francisco Aboitiz, quien estuvo en el lab de Maturana. Aboitiz fue mi tutor de tesis. Estoy yo, colaborador cercano del lab (donde ya pronto estaré instalado!) y también , otro colaborador del lab, Carlos Guerrero (Catelo). En pocas palabras: los pocos chilenos que han encabezado publicaciones  en revistas como Evolution &amp;amp; Development y JEZ part B, son todos vinculados al rayo. La solución de Medel?  Sencillamente,  no existimos. Flor de historiador!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vale la pena destacar  además que en el  ex- departamento de morfología (hoy anatomía y desarrollo) de la fac. de medicina de la universidad de Chile  ha trabajado por muchos años David Lemus, quien es legítimamente un precursor del evo-devo en el país,  estudiando  la embriología de reptiles chilenos. Especialmente, a partir de los 80's  desarrolló investigación en dientes quiméricos en  combinaciones heteroespecíficas de tejidos embrionarios del  pollo y lagartijas chilenas, que continúa siendo muy citada en el área Evo-Devo.  Ha sido por largo tiempo uno de los pocos preocupados de la enseñanza de la embriología comparada en Chile, manteniendo para esto un  notable pequeño museo zoológico- didáctico. Otro de "los olvidados" en el esquema neodarwinista de Medel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En la incompleta y cuentera historia de Medel, el Chile de las últimas décadas queda parado como un país más patético, más chato, menos diverso, y más dependiente  de la influencia del "primer mundo",  de lo que realmente es.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referencias:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Amundson, R. 2005 The changing role of the embryo in evolutionary thought. Cambridge University&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ACLARACIÓN&lt;/span&gt;: He recibido un email de Roberto Nespolo reclamando por la mención de su nombre en este blog. Asumiendo que este blog sólo lo leían los regulares,  me referí a él en tono humorístico como "Nespolito"(supongo que los rumores vuelan!). Usar ese tono humorístico y cómplice (pensando que no necesariamente llegaría a oídos del afectado) fue un error licencioso de mi parte y pido diculpas por ello; por otra parte el incidente produjo en e-mail de Nespolo que sirve para aclarar su propia opinión , ya que él reconoce que la aproximación al Evo-Devo en Chile existe, encontrándose al tanto del trabajo de gente como Francisco Aboitiz y Miguel Concha. Que se entienda entonces claramente que lo que aparece citado por Medel como "Nespolo, pers comm" no refleja la opinión de Nespolo sobre las diferentes áreas de la biología evolutiva  representadas en Chile. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Aclaración agregada 21/07/08.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-9220058419771477192?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/9220058419771477192/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=9220058419771477192' title='32 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9220058419771477192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9220058419771477192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/la-historia-de-la-biologa-evolutiva-en.html' title='La historia de la biología evolutiva en Chile... según Medel'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SGPmHff1iJI/AAAAAAAAAWw/lL8wb-u_rsE/s72-c/losolvidados.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>32</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3827377091184215648</id><published>2008-06-21T15:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:24:13.281-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='zoología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Is everything OK with Olfactores? A call to properly assess morphological implications</title><content type='html'>When molecular phylogenies do not coincide with the morphological phylogenies, this is a serious problem. Experience tells us that its not a matter of assuming the morphological data is equivocal; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;specially if it is completely uncontroversial within (morphological) phylogenetic systematics&lt;/span&gt;. Many times the conflict thereafter disappears, specially upon better taxon sampling of molecular data (Note: increasing the number of  adequate taxa seems to be of much greater consequence  than increasing the number of genes). We all remember that "sharks are teleosts" thing.  This is why it is good to know the exact "morphological cost", or extra morphological transformations, that are implied by molecular hypotheses that openly conflict with morphological phylogenies. If the conflict shows no resolution by further studies, it is not a matter of  assuming the molecular data must be "the correct one"; or at least, if you are going to make that assumption, KNOW the implications for the evolution of morphology!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is something smelling fishy about the phylogeny of the chordates? Or is everything OK? At record speed, the evo-devo community has accepted the results of the latest molecular phylogenies, that vertebrates are closer to urochordates than to cephalochordates. Olfactores =  Urochordates + Vertebrates.  This term was born in the context of a marginal theory of Jefferies (1981) within  his interpretation that the fossil Homalozoa ("calcichordates") are the ancestors of chordates (other paleontologists consider Homalozoa to be basal echinoderms).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The recent publication of the entire genome of Amphioxus has further repeated this result for the comparison of an astounding 1090 genes in a phylogenetic analysis  (Putnam et al 2008) that included  important groups that are frequently left out, such as an acorn-worm, and a larvacean urochordate.&lt;br /&gt;Given that the Olfactores are becoming accepted as some "new truth", it is interesting to review  why never before had this notion  attained popularity, the most common assumption being that cephalochordates and vertebrates were closest, conforming a clade Euchordata (also called  "Myomerozoa" for the presence of somites). Actually, just a glance at amphioxus, a very fish-looking creature, should make us immediately suspect that the olfactores is probably not consistent with  the most parsimonious morphological history; that is, that we may have the proverbial case of a clash of  molecular vs morphological phylogenies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Everybody agrees that urochordates have secondarily lost traits. This is obvious when the traits absent in urochordates are present even  in hemichordates ,  such as coelomic cavities, and several (not just one) pairs of branchial openings. However, the list of things lost in urochordates increases substantially if we consider Olfactores to be real: for instance, the loss of somites, and several vertebrate-like gene expression patterns in the developing neural tube.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this sense, it is important to point out that the exact morphological cost of the olfactores, in terms of assuming extra steps beyond parsimony,&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; has not being adequately discussed or investigated yet. &lt;/span&gt;An important conflict with morphology and gene expression  is looming, but people are failing to see it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For instance, a recent comment (Swalla and Smith 2006) says "an extensive cladistic reanalysis of morphological data found strong support for Olfactores ( Ruppert 2005)". However, the cited work of Ruppert is not a cladistic analysis at all, but a "homology analysis", the mere mapping of proposed events assuming that Olfactores is real, for a limited set of traits. Further, the morphological cost  of the olfactores is hardly rescued by Ruppert 2005, which cites only a few of the most notorious losses we must assume occurred in the urochordates (for instance, Ruppert fails to mention any of the similarities of gene expression between the neural tube of cephalochordates and vertebrates)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In good faith, we must assume that Swalla and Smith were thinking about another morphological analysis that is cited as support for the olfactores, namely the cladistic analysis of  all metazoa made by Zrzávy et al (1998). While indeed Zrzávy et al. is an extensive analysis  (238 traits), it does not specifically address the question of the phylogeny of chordates , but of metazoa in general. So actually only a minority of these traits are bound to be relevant to the question of chordate phylogeny. Further, despite the non-traditional placement of the urochordates retrieved by this analysis, Zrzávy et al did not make any mention of this result in their discussion, concentrating on  other aspects of animal phylogeny. No list of "Olfactorian"  synapomorphies was discussed. The analysis by Zrzávy has been criticized at length by Jenner 2001 on various grounds, such as the assumptions made in the definition and polarization of traits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With no explicit cladistic analysis of chordates for an alternative phylogeny , the review by Rowe (2004) of chordate phylogeny does not even  mention the work by Zrzávy or the possibility of the olfactores. Indeed, the best references for a cladistic analysis specifically focused on the chordates are earlier works (Maisey 1986, and Schaeffer 1987), which support the euchordata, and are largely accepted within the community of phylogenetic systematics. However, these studies will fail to collect numerous newly described traits shared by cephalochordates and vertebrates, from gene expression patterns to fine structure of the nervous system.  So, in fact, a new updated cladistic phylogenetic analysis of the cephalochordates is needed to establish the precise consequences of the Olfactoria  for the morphological history of the chordates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is certainly possible that this new analysis may show the history  implied by olfactores to be too absurd, implying too many reversals or convergences. If this is the case, it is not just a matter of going with the molecular phylogeny over the morphological; rather, the possibility of an artifact in the molecular studies must be taken into account (yes, even with 1090 genes! )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SF2t8el1DyI/AAAAAAAAAWg/AYBCwMj80PA/s1600-h/figurephylo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SF2t8el1DyI/AAAAAAAAAWg/AYBCwMj80PA/s400/figurephylo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5214515198080388898" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the tree of the 1090 genes (Putnam et al 2008). Some observations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) As usual, the longest branches of the chordates are the Urochordates. Also, notice that this effect is not mitigated by the large amount of genes; that is, abnormally high substitution rates is &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;a genome-wide phenomenon&lt;/span&gt;. Is it possible that high substitution rates may distort the phylogenetic signal of entire genomes? Also, notice the  low  76.4 % bootstrap value support for the &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;monophyly of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;chordates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; Traditionally, molecular evidence has had some  problems retrieving this node, which is, from a morphological perspective, a very straight-forward  conclusion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) Hagfish, morphologically the most basal vertebrates , were not included in this analysis. In fact, the position of hagfishes haunts this entire issue, since it is a case in which a clear  conflict of molecules vs morphology still lives on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3) Despite the general trend of nuclear genes to support the olfactoria, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;the comparison of  entire mitochondrial genomes supports the classic hypothesis of euchordata &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(Bourlat et al. 2006). &lt;/span&gt;Further, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;this is also the case when discussing the relationships of Hagfishes&lt;/span&gt;, supporting them as basalmost vertebrates (Yu et al. 2008). Why this diference ? Is it possible that the mitochondrial genomes have been spared from some source of artifact affecting the phylogenetic signal of nuclear genes?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;References.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bourlat et al 2006&lt;span class="ti"&gt; Nature 444:85-8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jefferies 1981 Zool. J. of Linnean Soc. 73, 351-396&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jenner 2001 Syst. Biol. 50(5):730-742&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Putnam et al 2008 Nature 453: 1064-1070  doi:10.1038/nature06967&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rowe 2004 In: Cracraft &amp;amp; Donoghue, Ed. Assembling the tree of life. Oxford. pp 384-409&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ruppert 2005 Can. J. Zool. 83: 8–23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Swalla &amp;amp; Smith 2006 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2246&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yu et al. 2008 J. Genet. Genomics 35:  285-290&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zrzávy et al. 1998 Cladistics 14, 249 -285&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3827377091184215648?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3827377091184215648/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3827377091184215648' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3827377091184215648'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3827377091184215648'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/olfactores-yet-unestablished.html' title='Is everything OK with Olfactores? A call to properly assess morphological implications'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SF2t8el1DyI/AAAAAAAAAWg/AYBCwMj80PA/s72-c/figurephylo.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3497139946769571921</id><published>2008-06-18T12:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:24:51.291-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='macroevolución'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='microevolución'/><title type='text'>Evo-Devo: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFljC3WjGXI/AAAAAAAAAWA/c8uYiU2fIBs/s1600-h/The_Good__The_Bad___The_Ugly_wTitle.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 195px; height: 263px;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFljC3WjGXI/AAAAAAAAAWA/c8uYiU2fIBs/s400/The_Good__The_Bad___The_Ugly_wTitle.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5213306944527473010" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;THE GOOD&lt;/span&gt;: Homology assesment evo-devo, and epigenetic evo-devo. Evo-Devo that works on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;the pretty empirical task of assessing problematic homologies, with  tree-based inferences on the evolution of development, continues to gr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;eatly help the reconstruction of  the evolutionary history of life on earth. Epigenetic evo-devo's, in turn, understand that developmental biology is not genetics. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;y have realistically confronted the role of higher level and environmental epigenetic interactions in development, and thus also &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/deep-time-phyloepigenetics.html"&gt;in the origin of evolutionary novelties&lt;/a&gt;. Both of these tend to emphasize how standing developmental mechanisms, and not natural selection alone, are essential to the pathway taken by evolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;THE BAD&lt;/span&gt;: Reductionist "regulatory" evo-devo. Dangerous, because it is is upheld by important figures of evo-devo, presenting itself as a triumph and e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;mpirical conclusion. Yes, mutations in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;cis-regulatory regions are commonplace in evolution, but these people seem to have reductionist difficulties in u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nderstanding there is anything more beyond finding such a mutation. The notion that only non-coding "regulatory" sequence changes can produce localized expression (in time or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;space) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;simply &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;makes no good developmental sense. As Lillie pointed out, all cells have the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFmZESC8gbI/AAAAAAAAAWI/L8DRdZTAjsw/s1600-h/the+bad.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFmZESC8gbI/AAAAAAAAAWI/L8DRdZTAjsw/s200/the+bad.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5213366342500778418" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;same DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; content, including the "regulatory" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;elements; whether a gene is expressed or not &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;still&lt;/span&gt; varies from cell type to cell type depending on &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;something else &lt;/span&gt;as well. In other words, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/05/who-regulates-regulators.html"&gt;Lillie's "paradox"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; forces the question: "who regulates the regulators"? This&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; question reveals that "regulation" is nothing but a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; sloppy, semi-nonsensical wastepaper-basket term. Both coding and non-coding sequences can be "regulatory". Even environment can "regulate" gene expression. Genes are expressed differentially in cells, NEVER because of their "regulatory" sequences alone, but ALWAYS including the higher-level and environmental interactions at the cell and tissue level, which  explain "Lillies paradox". (again: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" &gt;This is why developmental biology is different from genetics!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;). Focusing only on one type of mutations (cis-regulatory) is just a re-strengthened version of the old reductionist fallacy that genotype=phenotype.  This false equivalence ultimately downplays the role of understanding development, the actual mechanisms that relate genotype to phenotype&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;. Without really introducing  developmental mechanisms,  no serious challenge is made to the hegemony of population genetics as a way of understanding evolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Yes: The bad is a traitor of development, for love of  genetics. Evo-Devo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;can now become a mere footnote: The largely uninteresting  filling-in of superfluous data on  "what the specific mutations were". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;THE UGLY&lt;/span&gt;. Just plain wrong or artifactual topics, mostly born from the lack of proper integration of different fields of research. Specially silly is the "conflict" between microevolution and macroevolution. Doubtless, the study of microevolution offers many advantages. But this does not mean at all that a macroevolutionary study will not be able to derive sound conclusions: when the evidence is there, there is nothing to say about the micro or macro level in which a question is satisfactorily answered. That comparable experiments can only be tested between closely related species is a myth: gene expression experiments can produce the same phenotypic alteration despite hundreds of millions of years of separation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFmZPxqofHI/AAAAAAAAAWQ/3w8qsfUOrkc/s1600-h/theugly.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFmZPxqofHI/AAAAAAAAAWQ/3w8qsfUOrkc/s200/theugly.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5213366539967298674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;This follows in an old lab-bench tradition of being purely "experimental" negating any need to know much about natural history and macroevolution. It also relates to "blind" faith in molecular phylogenies, that is, with little capacity for critically evaluating these studies (such as by  morphologica implications). As a result, plain artifacts of the tree become the basis for many weird hypotheses (I have argued before &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/la-nueva-filogenmica-animal-historial.html"&gt;this is happening right now&lt;/a&gt;, with new supposed clades such as &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/04/chascarros-filogeneticos.html"&gt;"urochordates+vertebrates"&lt;/a&gt;). Studies continue to emerge where well-established facts of natural history are swept aside in favor of some  "groundbreaking hypothesis".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Many Evo-Devos have thought that macroevolution is some kind of truly radical "body plan"  change with mechanisms quite different from those observed at a microevolutionary level, appealing to some mysterious happenstance of the past for the origin of phyla or higher "grades". However,  Evo-devo's are slowly wisening up to the fact that macro and micro evolutionary change proceeds pretty much in the same way, with the simple fact being that lineages diverging earlier can accumulate greater differences &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/04/malentendido-en-macroevolucion.html"&gt;(as pointed out before)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3497139946769571921?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3497139946769571921/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3497139946769571921' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3497139946769571921'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3497139946769571921'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/evo-devo-good-bad-and-ugly.html' title='Evo-Devo: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFljC3WjGXI/AAAAAAAAAWA/c8uYiU2fIBs/s72-c/The_Good__The_Bad___The_Ugly_wTitle.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7175842339765273030</id><published>2008-06-17T11:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-18T03:29:58.198-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='acoplamiento estructural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Answering Cuvier: Notes on the systemic/historical nature of living beings</title><content type='html'>Más literatura subversiva y underground; por fin tenemos el trabajito de Cecchi, &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFgGAOW1MsI/AAAAAAAAAVw/XQxPdphfW5g/s1600-h/Untitled"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFgGAOW1MsI/AAAAAAAAAVw/XQxPdphfW5g/s200/Untitled" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5212923169604973250" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Vargas, Villagra y Mpodozis 2004 en pdf (donde siempre!). Releyendo esta joyita (a la cual sólo contribuí afinando el inglés y con modestas pizcas de aliño) surge una bonita reflexión: ¿Qué tan diferente es el desafío de entender el desarrollo al de entender la evolución? Hay muchas cosas en común: La constante coherencia interna y con el medio, a través de un proceso radical de transformación biológica que incluye aumentos de complejidad. Incluso, el desarrollo puede librarse de algunas presunciones que son adhosadas incorrectamnete a la evolución; por ejemplo no es muy defendible que el desarrollo sea un proceso de cada vez mejor ajuste al medio; más bien, contemplando un ciclo de vida, es evidente que cada etapa del desarrollo está ajustada a su medio. En efecto, ambos  evolución y desarrollo son procesos de deriva sistémica-histórica, con continua participación del medio y en conservación de la adaptación.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFgBMBpkPEI/AAAAAAAAAVo/iaiE6JLybuA/s1600-h/extracto.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFgBMBpkPEI/AAAAAAAAAVo/iaiE6JLybuA/s400/extracto.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5212917874794183746" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mientras la visión estructuralista de Cecchi et al. lleva a reconocer a desarrollo y evolución como procesos del mismo tipo, la visión ortodoxa, en vez de preocuparse por entender el desarrollo (la VERDADERA relación genotipo-fenotipo), se contentan con una metáfora de que el fenotipo está programado en el genotipo tal que genotipo = fenotipo. Con este ardid reduccionista, el adaptacionista darwiniano se ha convencido  a sí mismo de que no es necesario entender de desarrollo para entender de evolución.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Tsk,tsk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cecchi C, Vargas A, Villagra C, Mpodozis J. 2004 Answering Cuvier: Notes on the systemic/historical nature of living beings. Cybernetics and human knowing 11(4): 1-19&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7175842339765273030?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7175842339765273030/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7175842339765273030' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7175842339765273030'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7175842339765273030'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/answering-cuvier-notes-on.html' title='Answering Cuvier: Notes on the systemic/historical nature of living beings'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SFgGAOW1MsI/AAAAAAAAAVw/XQxPdphfW5g/s72-c/Untitled' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4865599849521994066</id><published>2008-06-12T22:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-12T23:00:57.226-07:00</updated><title type='text'>contingencia histórica waaaa</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historical contingency and the evolution of a key&lt;br /&gt;innovation in an experimental population of&lt;br /&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Zachary D. Blount, Christina Z. Borland, and Richard E. Lenski*&lt;br /&gt;Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824&lt;br /&gt;This contribution is part of the special series of Inaugural Articles by members of the National Academy of Sciences elected on April 25, 2006.&lt;br /&gt;Contributed by Richard E. Lenski, April 9, 2008 (sent for review March 26, 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The role of historical contingency in evolution has been much&lt;br /&gt;debated, but rarely tested. Twelve initially identical populations of&lt;br /&gt;Escherichia coli were founded in 1988 to investigate this issue. They&lt;br /&gt;have since evolved in a glucose-limited medium that also contains&lt;br /&gt;citrate, which E. coli cannot use as a carbon source under oxic&lt;br /&gt;conditions. No population evolved the capacity to exploit citrate&lt;br /&gt;for &gt;30,000 generations, although each population tested billions&lt;br /&gt;of mutations. A citrate-using (Cit) variant finally evolved in one&lt;br /&gt;population by 31,500 generations, causing an increase in population&lt;br /&gt;size and diversity. The long-delayed and unique evolution of&lt;br /&gt;this function might indicate the involvement of some extremely&lt;br /&gt;rare mutation. Alternately, it may involve an ordinary mutation,&lt;br /&gt;but one whose physical occurrence or phenotypic expression is&lt;br /&gt;contingent on prior mutations in that population. We tested these&lt;br /&gt;hypotheses in experiments that ‘‘replayed’’ evolution from different&lt;br /&gt;points in that population’s history. We observed no Cit&lt;br /&gt;mutants among 8.4 1012 ancestral cells, nor among 9 1012 cells&lt;br /&gt;from 60 clones sampled in the first 15,000 generations. However,&lt;br /&gt;we observed a significantly greater tendency for later clones to&lt;br /&gt;evolve Cit, indicating that some potentiating mutation arose by&lt;br /&gt;20,000 generations. This potentiating change increased the mutation&lt;br /&gt;rate to Cit but did not cause generalized hypermutability.&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the evolution of this phenotype was contingent on the&lt;br /&gt;particular history of that population. More generally, we suggest&lt;br /&gt;that historical contingency is especially important when it facilitates&lt;br /&gt;the evolution of key innovations that are not easily evolved&lt;br /&gt;by gradual, cumulative selection.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PNAS  June 10, 2008  vol. 105  no. 23  7899–7906&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0803151105"&gt;www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0803151105&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sorry el desorden&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4865599849521994066?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4865599849521994066/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4865599849521994066' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4865599849521994066'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4865599849521994066'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/historical-contingency-and-evolution-of.html' title='contingencia histórica waaaa'/><author><name>Roberto E. Yury Yáñez</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03519590700942351570</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/S6whr5qRKHI/AAAAAAAAAVI/2J51hct2GaY/S220/20980_499391375499_864110499_11032390_4312601_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8436308866974734332</id><published>2008-06-11T10:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:26:02.114-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><title type='text'>Looking for Darwin in all the wrong places</title><content type='html'>Looking for Darwin in all the wrong places: the misguided quest for positive selection at the nucleotide sequence level&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AL Hughes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heredity (2007) 99, 364–373&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in evidence for positive Darwinian selection at the molecular level. This quest has been hampered by the use of statistical methods that fail adequately to rule out alternative hypotheses, particularly the relaxation of purifying selection and the effects of population bottlenecks, during which the effectiveness of purifying selection is reduced. A further problem has been the assumption that positive selection will generally involve repeated amino-acid changes to a single protein. This model was derived from the case of the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but the MHC proteins are unusual in being involved in protein–protein recognition and in a co-evolutionary process of pathogens. There is no reason to suppose that repeated amino-acid changes to a single protein are involved in selectively advantageous phenotypes in general. Rather adaptive phenotypes are much more likely to result from other causes, including single amino-acid changes; deletion or silencing of genes or changes in the pattern of gene expression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heredity (2007) 99, 364–373; doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801031;&lt;br /&gt;published online 11 July 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Podrán encontrar el pdf en el grupo yahoo...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8436308866974734332?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8436308866974734332/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8436308866974734332' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8436308866974734332'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8436308866974734332'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/looking-for-darwin-in-all-wrong-places.html' title='Looking for Darwin in all the wrong places'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-432107955013854168</id><published>2008-06-09T11:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:26:55.504-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenetic permeability'/><title type='text'>Epigenetically Acquired Brain Disorders</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Cachense este trabajito (hacer click en titulo)...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=k6rbepNurVY"&gt;Epigenetic Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/images/pubs/brain-structures-autism.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-432107955013854168?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/432107955013854168/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=432107955013854168' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/432107955013854168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/432107955013854168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/epigenetically-acquired-brain-disorders.html' title='Epigenetically Acquired Brain Disorders'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2768251862161939580</id><published>2008-06-04T11:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-09T16:30:02.504-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='internalizacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='exclusão competitiva'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='transferencia horizontal'/><title type='text'>Onde fica a competição?</title><content type='html'>Fico pensando como é absurda essa noção de um mundo competitivo com organismos carregando consigo suas preciosas mutações nucleotídicas, parecendo um jogador de futebol americano correndo com sua bola escondida debaixo do braço e batendo cabeça com seus oponentes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Que isso não é assim em bactérias, que há uma imensa transferencia horizontal de genes, já é bem documentado na literatura. Não se pode aceitar a idéia de  que "eu guardo minhas mutações pra mim e venço você".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agora há mais um exemplo muito interessante e curioso mostrando como essa situação se passa no viver de organismos metacelulares -  rotíferos bdeóides, invertebrados aquáticos que podem sobreviver a  períodos de dissecação.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vejam só que curioso o que passa!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="COLOR: rgb(206,8,8)" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;320/5880/1210?maxtoshow=&amp;amp;HITS=10&amp;amp;hits=10&amp;amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;amp;searchid=1&amp;amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;amp;resourcetype=HWCIT" target="_blank"&gt;Science 320, 1210–1213 (2008)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many single-celled organisms collect genes from other organisms — a process known as horizontal gene transfer — but multicellular organisms tend not to. Now tiny invertebrates called bdelloid rotifers have been found to take on genetic material from a range of other species, including bacteria, fungi and plants.&lt;br /&gt;Multicellular creatures rarely do this because their germ line is sequestered in the gonads, explain Eugene Gladyshev, Matthew Meselson and Irina Arkhipova at Harvard University in Massachusetts. Bdelloid rotifers are different. They often experience desiccation, potentially opening up their cell membranes to chunks of outsider DNA. This unusual way of injecting diversity into their genomes may help to explain why these rotifers have gone 40 million years without sex.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;abraços,&lt;br /&gt;Gustavo&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2768251862161939580?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2768251862161939580/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2768251862161939580' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2768251862161939580'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2768251862161939580'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/06/onde-fica-competio.html' title='Onde fica a competição?'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4936820690381255116</id><published>2008-05-28T17:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:27:20.565-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='internalizacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenetic permeability'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DST'/><title type='text'>Parental Care Usurpation as a model for thinking about Developmental Systems</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Parental Care usurpators exploit the social behavior of their hosts, this “modo de vida,”  it is present in numerous taxa and involve the partial sequestration of the ontogenetic niche of the host species. In this commentary I will mention two cases of parental care usurpation: the avian brood parasites (e.g. cuckoos)  and the ant nest usurpations (often called slave-maker ants or pirate ants).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Due to the very emergent properties involved in the evolution of these life styles;  these cases are interesting models for thinking about the value of Developmental System Theory or Evolution by Means of Natural Drift as explanatory backgrounds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Previously in this blog, we have seen comments about the relevance of the “incomplete isolation” of the multicellulars systems processes as a way to understand certain kinds of dynamic changes in the ontogenetic niche. This “epigenetic permeability”, could be  suggested as a property that may help to understand why it is not always necessarily an “Internalization” (i.e incorporation of adaptative traits in the genome of the evolving species) for the development of new life styles or lineage changes in order to get an idea of the points when this “epigenetic permeability” may help to explain the establishment and conservation of these life styles, lets compare the steps of the parasite-host interactions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SD36cCXU38I/AAAAAAAAAeY/Dr0-OfLZ7hk/s1600-h/IMG_3180+copiar.jpg"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;In avian brood parasites, the female lays the egg in the host nest, which has been recognized by some authors as the only interaction between the parasite and host species. I would suggest to add a second step that is performed by the parasite chick: the expulsion from the nest of the host offspring (this does not always happen though). For the realization of step one of the interaction, the parasite mother had to find the appropriate host nest and the host parents have to be fooled to keep believing that the extra egg belongs to them. Some parasites species present similar egg pigmentation with their main host, but it is not clear, as far as I´ve read, that this is genetically determined and that this trait can vary inter and intraspecies. The second step is very similar to other kind of parasitic interaction where the allocation of resources is diverted to feed the growing parasite (See&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/02/horrid-phenotypic-integration.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Sacculina barnacles post &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;in this blog as an example).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SD36cCXU38I/AAAAAAAAAeY/Dr0-OfLZ7hk/s1600-h/IMG_3180+copiar.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SD36cCXU38I/AAAAAAAAAeY/Dr0-OfLZ7hk/s400/IMG_3180+copiar.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205592103888150466" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;In ant nest usurpation species, the first step involves the usurpation of the queen host throne by the parasite ant.  The female searching for nest, sneaking in the nest without being detected as alien by the colony, and (as similar as the avian parasite chick) the diversion towards the reproducing parasite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;In the second step, the parasite queen offspring will search for new host colonies, raid them and kidnap host worker’s larvae. Experiments have demonstrated that when two alternative host are available for the queen and she picks one of them in the first step, the parasite sons will also choose that one for collecting more workers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;This two examples suggest to me that the Developmental System is more than the niche variables and the inheritable organism material, and cannot be reduced to the somatic and germinal part as a satisfactory explanatory background but also the construction of these parasitic life styles due to epigenetic permeability are possible thanks to crucial behavioral operations (“conducta” in Maturana’s approach) that allow the emergence of these very externalized and dependent systems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; Cristian Villagra &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4936820690381255116?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4936820690381255116/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4936820690381255116' title='10 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4936820690381255116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4936820690381255116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/parental-care-usurpation-as-model-for.html' title='Parental Care Usurpation as a model for thinking about Developmental Systems'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/SD36cCXU38I/AAAAAAAAAeY/Dr0-OfLZ7hk/s72-c/IMG_3180+copiar.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>10</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8736911231810387685</id><published>2008-05-27T10:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-27T19:02:09.190-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><title type='text'>Más condenas mortales en cladística</title><content type='html'>Dénme una mezquita y un altoparlante: Su ayatola de la cladística les tiene listas un par de ricas nuevas condenas a muerte, que se cumplirán sin piedad. &lt;br /&gt;¿Los desdichados en esta ocasión?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxQLC9i6gI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/jxTHbGDcaW4/s1600-h/crystal%2Bball.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxQLC9i6gI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/jxTHbGDcaW4/s200/crystal%2Bball.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205123420037245442" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1)Pegasoferae: Este clado agrupa murciélagos con perisodáctilos. Se ha justificado por medio de inserciones de trasposones en lugares específicos del genoma (Nishihara et al. 2006) y ha aparecido en algunos otros arbolitos desde entonces (Murphy et al. 2008) pero lo cierto es que hasta el momento ningún estudio formal de secuencias típicas ni de la morfología ha confirmado la existencia de Pegasoferae. Más bien, por el lado de la morfología, esto implicaría asumir que los ungulados no existen, ya que perisodáctilos serían más cercanos a quirópteros que a artiodáctilos; si miramos los datos paleontológicos, no quedaría otra, según Pegasoferae, que concluir que los murciélagos evolucionaron a partir de algo como este lindo Condylarto (ungulado basal) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxJZC9i6eI/AAAAAAAAAVA/VYBJqNL7wr8/s1600-h/condilartros"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxJZC9i6eI/AAAAAAAAAVA/VYBJqNL7wr8/s400/condilartros" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205115963974019554" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Qué les parece?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La otra condena de muerte es para este arbolito muy publicado en Nature:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxMhi9i6fI/AAAAAAAAAVI/25uuKaxc6Qg/s1600-h/venom.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxMhi9i6fI/AAAAAAAAAVI/25uuKaxc6Qg/s400/venom.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205119408537790962" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La historia de la evolución del veneno que vende ese paper se ve muy linda, pero nótese: la iguana les salió entremedio de un montón de escleroglossae...es una infracción flagrante de todo lo que sabemos de evolución de lagartos... de hecho la distinción más básica de los lagartos, es entre iguania y scleroglossae. Este modelo implica la reversión de varios ragsos escleroglosos (como la misma lengua queratinizada y mayor desarrollo del órgano de Jacobson).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referencias:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nishihara, H., Hasegawa, M., and Okada, N. 2006. Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 9929–9934&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;William J. Murphy, Thomas H. Pringle, Tess A. Crider, Mark S. Springer and Webb Miller 2007 Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny Genome Res.17: 413-421 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fry BG, Vidal N, Norman JA, Vonk FJ, Scheib H, Ramjan SF, Kuruppu S, Fung K, Hedges SB, Richardson MK, Hodgson WC, Ignjatovic V, Summerhayes R, Kochva E. 2006. Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Nature.439(7076):584-8.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8736911231810387685?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8736911231810387685/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8736911231810387685' title='11 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8736911231810387685'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8736911231810387685'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/ms-condenas-mortales-en-cladstica.html' title='Más condenas mortales en cladística'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SDxQLC9i6gI/AAAAAAAAAVQ/jxTHbGDcaW4/s72-c/crystal%2Bball.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-5185063443752567999</id><published>2008-05-22T15:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-29T12:48:37.750-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='simbiosis'/><title type='text'>O presente ubíquo das simbioses em esponjas</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SDXyGNt9g_I/AAAAAAAAACQ/G96AFz1dBpo/s1600-h/1028-2-med.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SDXyGNt9g_I/AAAAAAAAACQ/G96AFz1dBpo/s200/1028-2-med.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5203331133072049138" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A origem simbiótica de certos tipos celulares em filos animais basais - discutida em post anteriores (&lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/origen-simbitico-de-un-tipo-celular-los.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/myxozoa-reductio-ad-absurdum.html"&gt;acá&lt;/a&gt; e nos &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/espculas.html"&gt;comentários aqui&lt;/a&gt;) - recebe um bom apoio com os dados publicados em Science sobre a ubiquidade, abundância e diversidade de simbiontes em esponjas. Alguns trechos do artigo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"One of evolution's more ancient animals, sponges at first glance seem quite simple--little more than loose consortiums of semiautonomous cells, stuck in one place filtering food from the water column. But a closer look reveals a surprising twist. "With many species, under the microscope you see almost exclusively bacteria" among the cells, says Piel, an organic chemist at the University of Bonn in Germany"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"These genetic studies uncovered a distinctive and extensive community, identifying more than 100 species of microbes that are found in sponges but not in the surrounding water. This distribution indicates that these bugs are long-term residents rather than passersby. An individual sponge might host dozens of different species, and overall, the molecular analyses have found an impressive variety: 14 bacterial phyla, two phyla of archaea, and several types of eukaryotic microbes."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Microbes might have colonized a sponge early in the group's evolutionary history and acquired characteristics that enabled them to live in sponges full-time, Taylor proposes. Those sponge-loving microbes could have then spread to other sponges--and other oceans. And such a scenario could explain what may be a new phylum called Poribacteria, after Porifera, Latin for "sponge." Poribacteria have been found throughout the world, albeit exclusively in sponges."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Whatever their function, the microbes seem important enough for sponges to pass on to future generations. In the female sponge, nurse cells, which provide the "yolk" for developing eggs, also ferry blue-green algae from the sponge's outer layers to the developing oocytes located deeper in the sponge matrix. In 2005, Kayley Usher and her colleagues at the University of Western Australia in Perth even found blue-green algae in the sperm of the sponge Chondrilla australiensis. A year later, Julie Enticknap, a postdoctoral fellow in Hill's lab, was able to culture a sponge-dwelling alphaproteobacterium from the larvae of a sponge collected off the coast of Florida, another indication of possible parent-to-offspring transmission."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"But that study highlights what may be the most baffling mystery in sponge microbiology. Usually when symbionts are passed from parent to offspring, the partners undergo what is called cospeciation, and the microbes develop a unique genetic signature and become confined to that particular host. "But that doesn't happen here," says Hentschel. The bacteria in the larvae proved closely related to those cultured from unrelated sponges growing in Jamaica, Indonesia, and the Chesapeake Bay in the United States. The best explanation for the broad distribution of this bacterium--and for many other species found across the globe--she says, is that sponges acquire their resident bacteria both from their parents and from the environment."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O trabalho termina falando em "sea-based drugs"... O que fica absolutamente claro é que a incorporação de simbiontes em organismos marinhos filtradores como esponja e hidrozooários não deve ser visto como um fenômeno raro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Inner Lives of Sponges. Gretchen Vogel (23 May 2008) Science 320 (5879), 1028.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-5185063443752567999?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/5185063443752567999/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=5185063443752567999' title='15 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5185063443752567999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5185063443752567999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/o-presente-ubquo-das-simbioses-em.html' title='O presente ubíquo das simbioses em esponjas'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SDXyGNt9g_I/AAAAAAAAACQ/G96AFz1dBpo/s72-c/1028-2-med.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2667480681818000199</id><published>2008-05-16T15:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:28:02.045-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Conditions of Evolution and Adaptation in Organisms as Autopoietic Systems</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SC4QJWOaGqI/AAAAAAAAAU4/A7Dyo12QDDA/s1600-h/insert1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SC4QJWOaGqI/AAAAAAAAAU4/A7Dyo12QDDA/s400/insert1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201112372430379682" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SC4QCmOaGpI/AAAAAAAAAUw/4oY00h05lNA/s1600-h/insert2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SC4QCmOaGpI/AAAAAAAAAUw/4oY00h05lNA/s400/insert2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5201112256466262674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Del capítulo de Gerhard Roth en el libro "Environmental Adaptation and Evolution". El artículo entero pueden bajarlo desde &lt;a href="http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/grupodecenio/files/"&gt;los archivos del grupoyahoo de decenio&lt;/a&gt; (Roth1982)  Provecho!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2667480681818000199?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2667480681818000199/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2667480681818000199' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2667480681818000199'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2667480681818000199'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/conditions-of-evolution-and-adaptation.html' title='Conditions of Evolution and Adaptation in Organisms as Autopoietic Systems'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SC4QJWOaGqI/AAAAAAAAAU4/A7Dyo12QDDA/s72-c/insert1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3963262123441370991</id><published>2008-05-08T20:11:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T20:29:34.830-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Myxozoa: Reductio ad absurdum</title><content type='html'>Seguindo a discussão do post anteiror sobre a &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/origen-simbitico-de-un-tipo-celular-los.html"&gt;origem simbiótica dos cnidócitos&lt;/a&gt;, publico a imagem de Myxozoa retirada de Eiras et al. Reparem os cnidócitos. Repito: Incrível os meandros que pode seguir a deriva de uma estrutura. Primeiro a simbiose com protistas; depois a redução do corpo a pouco mais do que um par destes simbiontes!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCPEXf0iBDI/AAAAAAAAACI/HnED2qEELKI/s1600-h/a05fig02.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCPEXf0iBDI/AAAAAAAAACI/HnED2qEELKI/s200/a05fig02.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198214302873551922" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCPEOP0iBCI/AAAAAAAAACA/4SY7Llwj0h8/s1600-h/a05fig01.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCPEOP0iBCI/AAAAAAAAACA/4SY7Llwj0h8/s200/a05fig01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198214143959761954" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Myxobolus insignis sp. n. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae), a parasite of the Amazonian teleost fish Semaprochilodus insignis (Osteichthyes, Prochilodontidae) &lt;br /&gt;JC Eiras; JCO Malta; AMB Varella; GC Pavanelli&lt;br /&gt;Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz vol.100 no.3 Rio de Janeiro May 2005&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3963262123441370991?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3963262123441370991/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3963262123441370991' title='11 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3963262123441370991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3963262123441370991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/myxozoa-reductio-ad-absurdum.html' title='Myxozoa: Reductio ad absurdum'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCPEXf0iBDI/AAAAAAAAACI/HnED2qEELKI/s72-c/a05fig02.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2845106448410220015</id><published>2008-05-08T19:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T20:32:37.808-07:00</updated><title type='text'>On real birds</title><content type='html'>Creio que não é surpreende para os milhares de leitores deste blog que seres vivos ativamente se adaptem ao seu nicho modificando sua fisiologia e sua conduta. Na última edição da revista Science há um largo estudo mostrando que mudanças climáticas foram compensadas  por plasticidade fenotípica em uma população de passariformes. Sim, os passarinhos não se comportaram como passarinhos preformados esperando a guilhotina da seleção natural. Mudou o clima, mudaram a fisiologia e a conduta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCO-9P0iA_I/AAAAAAAAABo/cU0fCs7GTSw/s1600-h/bluetitDM0511_468x336.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCO-9P0iA_I/AAAAAAAAABo/cU0fCs7GTSw/s200/bluetitDM0511_468x336.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198208354343846898" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCO-9P0iBAI/AAAAAAAAABw/RVV1osnS8E8/s1600-h/tit-bird.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCO-9P0iBAI/AAAAAAAAABw/RVV1osnS8E8/s200/tit-bird.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198208354343846914" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Climate Change in a Wild Bird Population&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anne Charmantier,1,2 Robin H. McCleery,1 Lionel R. Cole,1 Chris Perrins,1 Loeske E. B. Kruuk,3 Ben C. Sheldon1*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rapid climate change has been implicated as a cause of evolution in poorly adapted populations. However, phenotypic plasticity provides the potential for organisms to respond rapidly and effectively to environmental change. Using a 47-year population study of the great tit (Parus major) in the United Kingdom, we show that individual adjustment of behavior in response to the environment has enabled the population to track a rapidly changing environment very closely. Individuals were markedly invariant in their response to environmental variation, suggesting that the current response may be fixed in this population. Phenotypic plasticity can thus play a central role in tracking environmental change; understanding the limits of plasticity is an important goal for future research.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2845106448410220015?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2845106448410220015/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2845106448410220015' title='3 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2845106448410220015'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2845106448410220015'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/on-real-birds.html' title='On real birds'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SCO-9P0iA_I/AAAAAAAAABo/cU0fCs7GTSw/s72-c/bluetitDM0511_468x336.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3740128076646663669</id><published>2008-05-06T12:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-29T12:49:29.070-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='acoplamiento estructural'/><title type='text'>Acoplamento Estrutural</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1TMZASCR-I"&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1TMZASCR-I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Duas possibilidades de encontro com o meio, e vejam o que passa quando duas dinâmicas estruturais e cruzam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;via Nelson Vaz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abraços,&lt;br /&gt;Gustavo Ramos&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3740128076646663669?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3740128076646663669/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3740128076646663669' title='5 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3740128076646663669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3740128076646663669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/acoplamento-estrutural.html' title='Acoplamento Estrutural'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4676912567962226792</id><published>2008-05-03T17:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-27T18:59:25.592-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='internalizacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia epigenética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='parasitismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='simbiosis'/><title type='text'>Origen simbiótico de un tipo celular: Los cnidocystos de cnidarios</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB07ZJkXe_I/AAAAAAAAATg/dnCeT1E_0Rc/s1600-h/nematocyst.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB07ZJkXe_I/AAAAAAAAATg/dnCeT1E_0Rc/s400/nematocyst.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5196374848306641906" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="source"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Shostak S.&lt;/span&gt; 1993. A symbiogenetic theory for the origins of cnidocysts in Cnidaria.&lt;abbr class="journalname" title="Bio Systems"&gt; Biosystems&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span class="volume"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="issue"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;span class="pages"&gt;49-58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Did cnidarian cnidocysts originate from cnidocyst-bearing protoctistans living as symbiotic partners with an epithelial placula? If an increase in the fitness of symbiotic partners was "locked in" by an evolutionary stable strategy, co-evolution and compartmentalization could have led phyletically separate, eukaryotic symbionts to fuse and undergo nuclear merger. Traits originating in the symbiotic partners would have been brought to the "synthetic" organism and reworked through evolution into the development of an integrated organism. Support for the theory of symbiogenetic origins of Cnidaria rests on traces of symbiosis detected in the relationship of cnidarian epithelium to interstitial cells (I-cells), the precursors of cnidocyst-producing cnidoblasts: (1) epithelium and I-cell are autonomous and differ in morphology, cellular dynamics, the relationship of differentiation to proliferation and the variety of cell types formed; (2) hydras and planulas can be "cured" of I-cells and their derivatives, thereby creating "epithelial" animals which lack responsiveness but retain vegetative properties. (3) The reintroduction of I-cells into "epithelial" animals which lack responsiveness but retain vegetative properties. (3) The reintroduction of I-cells into "epithelial" animals restores missing differentiated cell and organismic characteristics. Symbiogenesis as a source of metazoan species has consequences for concepts of development, from the origins of cell lines to the evolution of differentiation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aún no lo leo pero desde ya recuerdo el caso de que hay babosas de mar (moluscos nudibranquios) que habiéndose comido un cnidario antozoo recuperaban los cnidocystos creciéndolos en "cnidosacos" en el dorso...este hecho tan sorprendente puede hacer más sentido si consideramos que los cnidocystos de alguna forma son un linaje distinto que puede vivir tanto en el molusco como el cnidario. Digo nomás! Véase además este &lt;a href="http://maillists.uci.edu/mailman/public/cnidaria/2003-December/000701.html"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Post-Scriptum&lt;/span&gt;: He comenzado a leer apenas la introducción y ya me convencí. El abstract no menciona el "detalle" de la evidencia morfológica. Es contundente.  Resulta que el cnidocisto ya existe en varios protoctistas por ej. dinoflagelados depredadores y myxosporidios donde se les conoce como tricocysto o &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_capsule"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;cápsula polar&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/a&gt;(ver imagen a la derecha).  Las semejazas entre cnidocistos, especialmente en proceso de desarrollo, son muchas a nivel de microsocpia electrónica,  mecanismo de eyección (la presión hidrostática en la cápsula polar expulsa el filamento). En protoctistas myxosporideos o microsporideos puede haber división celular incompleta , compartiendo 2 o más nucleos o cápsulas polares;  los cnidocystos forman "nidos"  de células interconectadas (esta falta de respeto por los límites celulares también nos sugiere un posible  mecanismo conducente a la eventual fusión al genoma del cnidario). Otro dato: hay dos grupos fundamentales de cnidoscystos en cnidarios, sólo un grupo en antozoarios, y ambos en medusas, que sugieren que pueden tratrase de simbiosis con dos distintos linajes de protoctistas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB05kpkXe9I/AAAAAAAAATQ/AWKqtN0gAc4/s1600-h/cnematocyst.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB05kpkXe9I/AAAAAAAAATQ/AWKqtN0gAc4/s320/cnematocyst.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5196372846851881938" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB0rlJkXe3I/AAAAAAAAASg/MAJUDRsd3mY/s1600-h/Trichocyst.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 151px; height: 399px;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB0rlJkXe3I/AAAAAAAAASg/MAJUDRsd3mY/s400/Trichocyst.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5196357462279027570" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cnidocysto de Hydra formando su tubo externo. Engel&lt;i&gt; et al. &lt;/i&gt;The EMBO Journal (2001) &lt;b&gt;20,&lt;/b&gt; 3063–3073&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4676912567962226792?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4676912567962226792/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4676912567962226792' title='22 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4676912567962226792'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4676912567962226792'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/05/origen-simbitico-de-un-tipo-celular-los.html' title='Origen simbiótico de un tipo celular: Los cnidocystos de cnidarios'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SB07ZJkXe_I/AAAAAAAAATg/dnCeT1E_0Rc/s72-c/nematocyst.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>22</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4248852160768005665</id><published>2008-04-25T19:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-27T18:57:40.844-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><title type='text'>Es un pollo...¿un avestruz? ¡No! ¡Es colágeno de Tyrannosaurus!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SBKSOpkXe1I/AAAAAAAAASQ/udui_zHb_H8/s1600-h/Untitled+Image.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SBKSOpkXe1I/AAAAAAAAASQ/udui_zHb_H8/s400/Untitled+Image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5193374100685814610" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Al fin tenemos una filogenia molecular que evalúa si las aves son más cercanas a los dinosaurios que a los cocodrilomorfos como indica la cladistica morfológica.  Nótese además que se incluyó colágeno de un mamut. La única anomalía en todo el árbol es la posicón de Anolis un nodo demasiado hacia afuera (deberia ser grupo hermano de archosauria, no de amniota). Nada de mal para dos proteínas incompletas!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"These results support the endogenous origin of  the preserved collagen molecules and confirm the prediction based on morphology that, if biomolecules could be retrieved from a nonavian dinosaur, they would share a higher degree of similarity with birds than with other extant vertebrates. Our findings suggest that molecular data from long-extinct organisms&lt;br /&gt;may have the potential for resolving relationships at critical areas of the vertebrate evolutionary tree that have, so far, been intractable. The findings presented here also bolster the use of morphology in phylogenetics because our results are consistent with studies on the evolutionary relationships of fossil forms that rely on morphology"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rara vez vemos explicitas declaraciones pro-morfológicas en un trabajo molecular....disfrutemos estos cinco segundos jajaja.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Organ CL, Schweitzer MH,Lewis CC,  Asara JM 2008 Molecular Phylogenetics of Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 320: 499&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4248852160768005665?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4248852160768005665/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4248852160768005665' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4248852160768005665'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4248852160768005665'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/es-un-polloun-avestruz-no-es-colgeno-de.html' title='Es un pollo...¿un avestruz? ¡No! ¡Es colágeno de Tyrannosaurus!'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SBKSOpkXe1I/AAAAAAAAASQ/udui_zHb_H8/s72-c/Untitled+Image.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4648674371184480484</id><published>2008-04-23T16:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-27T18:56:45.206-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasticidad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='internalizacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='asimilación genética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Phyloepigenetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>El problema de nuestro tiempo (aún)</title><content type='html'>La falacia principal de nuestros tiempos es la idea de  que la plasticidad fenotípica está genéticamente determinada o el oxymoron de los "genes de la plasticidad fenotípica".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta forma de pensar está perfectamete representada en la siguiente respuesta que me dio un colega ecofisiólogo en la internet:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Say I have a population of lizards. I take half the population and move it North . Some decades later I return and do some comparative demography. I find that the Northern population grows more slowly, has a later age of first reproduction, smaller clutch sizes, maybe even larger eggs and hatchlings. Seemingly important life-history differences no? Different phenotypes.&lt;br /&gt;Now I take representatives of both populations and run a common-garden experiment. Lo and behold, all those differences disappear--they were all due solely to phenotypic plasticity. Has evolution occurred in generating those differences? I (and I think most) would say no; I get the impression that you would say yes. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The plasticity was already built into the original population's genome&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Según esta mentalidad, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ningún fenotipo inducido epigenéticamnte sería jamás un nuevo fenotipo.&lt;/span&gt; Esto no hace ningún sentido estructural: cualquier sistema con estructura, sea o no sea vivo, puede deformarse producto de una interacción con el medio, generando un nuevo "fenotipo" sin que éste haya sido ensayado o preexistido de manera alguna. Los seres vivos son tan determinados en su estructura, como todo lo demás; difícilmente podrán escaparse a esta lógica.&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva neodarwinista esto es una respuesta adaptativa que no es más que la expresión de una "maquinaria regulatoria",   previamente ensayada y perfeccionada por la selección para producir una "respuesta adecuada"  ante determinada  variación ambiental. HE AHÍ cuando ocurrió la verdadera "evolución".  En los ojos del darwinista, la evolución de esta maquinaria adaptativa habría ocurrido por un "típico" proceso de selección natural de rasgos heredables. S&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;e trata de la  seleccion de genes que regulan la plasticidad fenotípica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Instancias como la observada en el ejemplo de la lagartija no implican selección de genes y no  tendrían ninguna relevancia evolutiva; son la mera expresión del estatus de los "genes de plasticidad" en  la población original. Un caso como este, de  modificación del fenotipo individual por el ambiente, no tiene relevancia evolutiva porque no es capaz de heredarlo a su progenie; depende del estímulo ambiental. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los neodarwinistas "reformados",  que intentan ser epigenéticos a la vez que se centran en los genes,  consideran que en la asimilación genética, se favorecen los genes  que logran desarrollar un rasgo con menor o ningún estímulo ambiental. Por ejemplo: Pigliucci considera que en el experimento de Waddington , se seleccionó un umbral más bajo de estímulo ambiental para el desarrollo del fenotipo crossveinless. Sin embargo, la idea de que sencillamente se seleccionan "genes de plasticidad" pierde  de vista el hecho de que es necesaria la modificación ambiental del fenotipo individual. El hecho es que Waddington jamás seleccionó para la capacidad de desarrollar un fenotipo  con menor o poco estímulo (aunque observemos esta capacidad en su población "final"). No es así.  Waddington siempre ocupó el mismo estímulo ambiental, no lo fue "suavizando"  Al comienzo del experimento de waddinton, NADIE es capaz de desarrollar el fenotipo sin el estímulo ambiental (De haber existido individuos así, daría lo mismo aplicar el estímulo ambiental al comienzo o al final: tiene que ser al principio). Waddinton simplemente eliminó durante generaciones a toda mosca que fallara en desarrollar el fenotipo crossveinless,ante siempre el mismo estímulo. Luego de algunas generaciones retiró el estímulo y vio que ya no era necesario; habían moscas que desarrollaban el fenotipo de todas formas (sin embargo, si ahora retiraba su guillotina selectiva, en pocas generaciones el rasgo vuelve a ser ambiente-dependiente)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No todas las moscas respondían al shock térmico. Una diferencia genética puede "decidir" si  ocurre o no un cambio de fenotipo ante un determinado estímulo ambiental. Pero el hecho sigue siendo que sin el estímulo ambiental no hay cambio fenotípico. Los genes pueden ser necesarios, pero no suficientes. Hacen posible un  fenotipo sin determinarlo (M&amp;amp;M). Hablar de"genes de plasticidad fenotípica" ignora la influencia estructural del cambio ambiental.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En términos de Sober, es posible decir que Pigliucci confundió "selection of" con "selection for". La independencia del estímulo ambiental (umbral=0) es la consecuencia tras algunas generaciones,  pero no es  lo directamente seleccionado: Waddinton sólo seleccionó un FENOTIPO).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sin shock térmico, no hay variación alguna sobre la cual  seleccionar; a esto se refieren los que dicen que el cambio ambiental "libera" variación genética oculta. Volvemos a la observación que han hecho Mary Jane,  Kammerer,  ganaderos y corraleros varios: no se puede seleccionar  para mayor respuesta al ambiente, sin modificación ambiental del fenotipo individual. Una mejor vaca lechera sólo puede comprobarse  mediante ordeñarla profusamente; una selección para pollos de mayor tamaño se acompaña de elevadas cantidades de alimentos (no se puede observar máximo crecimiento si el alimento está siendo  limitante) .&lt;br /&gt;Estos procesos de selección artificial, incluyendo el experimento de Waddington, tienen incorporados  nada menos que un paso de modificación ambiental del fenotipo individual. Si la induccion ambiental de un fenotipo inicialmente  NO HEREDABLE es un paso ineludible, incluso en una situación TAN amigable a la perspectiva  darwinista como lo son los experimentos de  selección artifical....con qué cara nos van a decir después que los cambios fenotípicos no heredables no tienen relevancia evolutiva?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Alexander Vargas&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4648674371184480484?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4648674371184480484/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4648674371184480484' title='12 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4648674371184480484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4648674371184480484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/el-problema-de-nuestro-tiempo.html' title='El problema de nuestro tiempo (aún)'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><thr:total>12</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3263657233008999123</id><published>2008-04-13T16:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-13T17:31:30.871-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Padrões filoepigenéticos no registro fóssil</title><content type='html'>O post passado discutiu a evidência de transformações filoepigenéticas a partir de &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;processos&lt;/span&gt; observados nas patas de terópodos. Comparando as estruturas de fósseis e os processos ontogenéticos observados em linhagens derivadas é possível inferir a natureza epigenética das inovações evolutivas (suponho que a diminuição do quarto trocanter poderia também ser uma conseqüência epigenética da diminuição da musculatura caudal). &lt;br /&gt;Contudo, poderia o &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;padrão&lt;/span&gt; observado no registro fóssil nos dizer algo sobre eventos de transformações filoepigenéticas? A paleobióloga Elizabeth Vrba acredita que sim. O registro fóssil muitas vezes apresenta padrões de mudança paralelas em espécies relacionadas. A explicação usual deste padrão apela à ação externa da seleção natural. Pressões seletivas semelhantes selecionam variações semelhantes e moldam organismos similares. No entanto, Vrba prefere uma hipótese mais desenvolvimental, baseada no fato de que espécies relacionadas tendem a apresentar interações morfogenéticas similares com o meio. Vrba, como boa paleobióloga, se concentra em variações heterocrônicas e chama sua hipótese de “pulsos heterocrônicos”. Resume sua proposta em dois pontos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Similar environmental changes elicit similar heterochronies in parallel,  potentially in numerous lineages across large phylogenetic groups. Such heterochrony often involves change in body size  and may be accompanied by large-scale phenotypic reorganization (Alberch 1980; Arnold et al. 1989; Vrba 1998), such that the parallel heterochronies involve concerted evolution of suites of linked characters and “shuffling” among body proportions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.  At times of widespread climatic change, diverse lineages may show parallel changes in size and in similar kinds of heterochrony associated in time and consistently with the climatic change—a “heterochrony pulse.” “Pulse” here does not imply that the lineages responded in unison in a short time, but only that the events are significantly concentrated in time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vrba discute exemplos de seu grupo preferido: mamíferos. Ela parte de dados paleobiológicos que mostram que a diminuição da temperatura média está relacionada com o aumento do tamanho corporal médio em espécies de mamíferos. Segue discutindo os dados biogeográficos e macroecológicos que mostram que espécies e subespécies relacionadas apresentam a mesma a relação inversamente proporcional entre tamanho do corpo e temperatura ambiental. Por exemplo, diversas subespécies florestais de mamíferos africanos são menores e possuem uma taxa de crescimento mais rápida do que as subespécies de distribuição subtropical ou de altitude elevada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKbbagJzhI/AAAAAAAAABI/aM70Kh8hS30/s1600-h/S_caffer3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKbbagJzhI/AAAAAAAAABI/aM70Kh8hS30/s200/S_caffer3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5188880615957188114" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKbbqgJziI/AAAAAAAAABQ/S_Dw3XL-0a0/s1600-h/S_caffer1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKbbqgJziI/AAAAAAAAABQ/S_Dw3XL-0a0/s200/S_caffer1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5188880620252155426" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Búfalo africano comum e acima a pequena subespécie florestal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um interessante exemplo citado por Vrba é a aparição paralela de diversos roedores bípedes no Oligoceno. Como visto no post anterior, os membros de tetrápodos são altamente sensíveis às condições em que se desenvolvem. Roedores bípedes se caracterizam pelo aumento pedomórfico do tamanho dos pés das patas traseiras (o que facilita a postura ereta). Tal modificação ocorreu paralelamente em vários gêneros durante o resfriamento e desertificação da América do Norte. Ao invés de um caso extremo de convergência levando à adaptações análogas, este conjunto de evidências leva Vrba a apostar em um pulso heterocrônico devido a respostas desenvolvimentais similares em ambientes comuns. Mais frio, menor taxa de crescimento, diferentes proporções alométricas, diferente motilidade embrionária e... voilà: um concerto filoepigenético entre diferentes espécies!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKil6gJzjI/AAAAAAAAABY/g3jt71Tv0XI/s1600-h/bio59.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKil6gJzjI/AAAAAAAAABY/g3jt71Tv0XI/s200/bio59.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5188888492927209010" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKil6gJzkI/AAAAAAAAABg/lM3btz-k62o/s1600-h/kangaroo_rat.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKil6gJzkI/AAAAAAAAABg/lM3btz-k62o/s200/kangaroo_rat.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5188888492927209026" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hafner, J. C., and M. S. Hafner. 1988. Heterochrony in rodents. Pp. 217–235 in M. L. McKinney, ed. Heterochrony in evolution: a multidisciplinary approach. Plenum, New York.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vrba, E. Mass turnover and heterochrony events in response to physical change (in Macroevolution; diversity, disparity, contingency; essays in honor of Stephen Jay Gould) Paleobiology (June 2005), 31(2, Suppl.):157-174&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3263657233008999123?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3263657233008999123/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3263657233008999123' title='19 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3263657233008999123'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3263657233008999123'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/padres-filoepigenticos-no-registro.html' title='Padrões filoepigenéticos no registro fóssil'/><author><name>Chico</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00953286793822171241</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SQtIn7rty3I/AAAAAAAAALE/6iUS2ENvNnY/S220/03.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_EQ-ifXfahWo/SAKbbagJzhI/AAAAAAAAABI/aM70Kh8hS30/s72-c/S_caffer3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-1054356094695935763</id><published>2008-04-09T20:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:28:46.693-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plasticidad'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='paleontologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filoepigénesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ontogenia'/><title type='text'>Deep-time dinosaur phyloepigenetics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;West-Eberhardt repeatedly mentions in her book the case of the two-legged goat, born with no forelimbs, that learned to walk bipedally, and developed several hip traits, bipedal "adaptations". Certainly, to understand the development of these hip adaptations, we would be  ill-advised to concentrate on the  molecular mechanisms underlying  cell-death in the embryonic forelimb, who have only indirect "causation",  far removed from the actual mechanisms involved in the largely non-genetic influence on this trait.  Comprehension can only come from observing the higher-level interactions and the direct developmental effects of emerging epigenetic interactions. It is interesting to think just how many aspects of our phenotype are, like this, only very indirectly  related to the  genotype  (from a systems view, a mutation can be nothing but  a "trigger").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I still remember when it dawned upon me in 2001;  ALL vertebrate limbs, universally, grow longer with mechanical stimulation and use. I thought about early theropod dinosaur's reduced forelimbs. Even if bipedality were the result of some mutation enlarging legs or shortening arms (by the way: probably not, but behavioral),  the arms would  receive less mechanical stimulation when relieved from locomotion, whereas the legs now bear the entire body's  weight. There is no way this is not going to decrease growth in the arm , increase it in the leg, and enhance forelimb-hindlimb size differences. Enter here the field of  &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;phyloepigenetics&lt;/span&gt;, which we previously named on this blog; the recopilation of cases of  epigenetic explanation of evolutionary differences. This time I present a case of a deep-time &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;epigenetic apomorphy&lt;/span&gt;: The fibular crest of the tibia of Theropod dinosaurs and their living representatives, the birds. Here are some photographs of this rectangular crest, that extends from the large tibia onto the thinner fibula (both elements of the "shank" or zeugopod). Since this is a trait of all theropods, the fibular crest must be at least 230 million years old.  &lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2X78oFHrI/AAAAAAAAAR4/jIia7RenVbE/s1600-h/birdtibia.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2X78oFHrI/AAAAAAAAAR4/jIia7RenVbE/s400/birdtibia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187469401942990514" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Two different birds species illustrating the fibular crest of the tibia, upwards,  rectangle-shaped (from Müller and Streicher 1989)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2Y9soFHsI/AAAAAAAAASA/qo1ZMKRb6O0/s1600-h/Tibialcrest.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2Y9soFHsI/AAAAAAAAASA/qo1ZMKRb6O0/s400/Tibialcrest.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187470531519389378" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;The fibular crest is an apomorphy of theropod dinosaurs. On the left, a theropod; right, a non-theropod dinosaur (Müller and Streicher 1989)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It turns out that this crest is a sesamoid bone, that is, a bone that develops within connective tissue as a result of mechanical stimulation; first cartilage is formed in the stimulated region; this cartilage  may thereafter ossify originating the sesamoid bone (The chicken patella and human knee-caps are sesamoid bones that develop from within tendons). We can say that the sesamoid bones are to connective tissue what callosities are to epidermis. All of this with plenty of experimental confirmation, such as mechanical forces in abnormal places, etc.&lt;br /&gt;The fibular crest of the chicken develops as a cartilage in the narrow space between the tibia and the fibula. In theropod evolution the fibula became thinner; this may be the reason why muscles that in other reptiles pull the leg backwards and  project exclusively onto the fibula, in the chicken embryo also hit the connective tissue between the fibula and the tibia, provoking the development of a new sesamoid cartilage. This cartilage therafter ossifies into the crest, tightly connecting the tibia and the fibula in the adult.  This crest in birds is  certainly "adaptive" since it is fundamental to have a functional leg (because the fibula in birds no longer connects distally to the foot!) Yet against the adaptationist intuitions of  old-style lamarckism,  or of reformed  "epigenetic darwinists", nothing in all those millions of years has produced a mechanism for developing this bone without movement. It still relies on the same "good old" mechanical stimulation. If  the embryo is paralized , for instance, with a postsynaptic blocker, the cartilage of the fibular crest is no longer formed. The unavoidable effects of higher-level interactions have remained the basic mechanism by which this trait is developed  .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2d3MoFHtI/AAAAAAAAASI/pvhq4rxNe7E/s1600-h/tibiaparalysis.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2d3MoFHtI/AAAAAAAAASI/pvhq4rxNe7E/s400/tibiaparalysis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187475917408378578" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;From Müller 2003&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The authors of the study share some wisdom with us:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The de novo formation of skeletal elements addresses an important but largely neglected issue in evolutionary theory: the origination of morphological novelty. This generative problem of organismal evolution is sidestepped in traditional accounts that focus on the gradual variation and adaptation of characters and calculate their population genetic underpinnings. The studied characters are usually taken as given, and their origination is tacitly assumed to be based on the same mechanisms as their variation and adaptation. There is growing awareness that this does not need to be the case and that innovation should be treated as a distinct problem of&lt;br /&gt;evolution"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Müller GB and Streicher J. 1989.  Ontogeny of the syndesmosis tibiofibularis and the evolution of the bird hindlimb: a caenogenetic feature triggers phenotypic novelty. Anat Embryol. 179: 327-339&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Müller GB. 2003. Embryonic motility: environmental influences and&lt;br /&gt;evolutionary innovation. Evol &amp;amp; Dev  5:1, 56–60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-1054356094695935763?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/1054356094695935763/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=1054356094695935763' title='15 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1054356094695935763'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/1054356094695935763'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/deep-time-phyloepigenetics.html' title='Deep-time dinosaur phyloepigenetics'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R_2X78oFHrI/AAAAAAAAAR4/jIia7RenVbE/s72-c/birdtibia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3302586981689042130</id><published>2008-04-06T11:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-06T11:48:07.039-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filoepigénesis'/><title type='text'>Espículas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Algunos post atrás se nos invitó a buscar casos de Phyloepigenetics o como diferencias entre especies pueden surgir por apomorfías epigenéticas. Aunque no sé si el siguiente caso sirva para ilustrar lo anterior debido a que no se trata de nivel de especie, si nos muestra la diversificación de clados (a nivel de clase) por lo que parece ser un mecanismo epigenético. Espero lo vean como lo entendí yo y les guste este caso.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como es bien sabido por todos las esponjas (Porifera) están divididas en tres clases: Las esponjas calcáreas caracterizadas por espículas de carbonato cálcico, las hexactinellidas o esponjas vítreas con espículas de sílice y que se caracterizan por la presencia de seis puntas en tres ejes (lo que da origen al nombre del grupo por las espículas hexactinas –seis puntas-) y las más diversas y conocidas demosponjas que pueden contar con un esqueleto de espículas silíceas y/o fibras de espongina, una cuarta clase puede ser considerada dentro de las demosponjas por no ser monofiléticas las sclerosponjas caracterizadas por espículas silíceas y fibras de espongina sobre un esqueleto de carbonato cálcico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186204533827392386" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/R_kZi7tNU4I/AAAAAAAAALY/-dUxL_Em9PI/s400/phylosponges.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En particular, las hexactinellidas y las desmosponjas pueden ser consideradas más estrechamente relacionadas entre sí que con las esponjas calcáreas, compartiendo por ejemplo, el poseer espículas silíceas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Centremos nuestra atención en las espículas: las megascleras o espículas grandes que todos hemos conocido en el laboratorio se clasifican por ya sea el número de ejes, de acuerdo al sufijo –axon o por el número de puntas con el sufijo –actina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ahora, como bien se dijo las hexactinellidas se caracterizan por poseer solo espículas silíceas de seis puntas (que una vez más, le da el nombre al grupo) mientras que en las demosponjas se presentan espículas monoaxónicas o tetraxónicas nunca triaxónicas o hexactinas (tener tres ejes involucra seis puntas).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186204928964383650" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/R_kZ57tNU6I/AAAAAAAAALo/2l5DbbPlCco/s400/spiculas2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186204757165691794" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 245px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 280px" height="305" alt="" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/R_kZv7tNU5I/AAAAAAAAALg/TifoXJkNkgg/s400/spicules1.jpg" width="269" border="0" /&gt;Del mecanismo por el cual se forma una espícula se conoce que por medio de la expresión intracelular de un filamento de la enzima silicateína empieza a depositarse alrededor de este el sílice, cuando la primera capa está completa es excluido de la célula donde extracelularmente es completada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lamentablemente el modelo usado en este estudio de Müller et al (2006) solo usaron una esponja demosponja que produce espículas monoaxónicas, sin embargo, en los textos se describe el mecanismo de formación de una espícula megasclera triactina como: segregada por tres esclerocitos que derivan de un amebocito, denominada excleroblasto. Los tres esclerocistos se fusionan parcialmente para formar un triplete de células. Luego cada miembro del triplete se divide y entre cada par de células hijas se fabrica una punta o radio. Las tres puntas se fusionan por sus bases. Cada uno de los tres pares de esclerocitos se desplaza en seguida hacia fuera a lo largo del radio de tal forma que una célula segrega el extremo y la otra engruesa la base de la espícula (según nuestro amigo Barnes).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186205113647977394" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/R_kaErtNU7I/AAAAAAAAALw/i-JjhPtuTws/s400/File0086.jpg" border="0" /&gt;En conclusión si una de las características más determinantes que distingue Hexactinellidas y Demospongias son el tipo de espículas triaxónicas hexactinas para las primeras y monoaxónicas y tetraxónicas para las segundas nunca triaxónicas. Y el mecanismo por el que se generan los ejes de las espículas es un mecanismo físico entendido como el actuar conjunto de un triplete de células que secretan la espícula con la ayuda de la silicateína (un menage a trois de esclerocitos). ¿Qué subyace en que un grupo se junten los seis esclerocitos que generarán una espícula de seis puntas y en el otro no? ¿Podemos inducir a esclerocitos de demosponjas a formar espículas propias de las hexactinellidas simplemente agrupándolas?. Referencias al respecto no he encontrado pero seguiré buscando… &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Referencias:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Müller et al 2006. Micron 37: 107 - 120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Barnes Zoología de los Invertebrados (el que todos conocen)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3302586981689042130?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3302586981689042130/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3302586981689042130' title='30 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3302586981689042130'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3302586981689042130'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/espculas.html' title='Espículas'/><author><name>Roberto E. Yury Yáñez</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03519590700942351570</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/S6whr5qRKHI/AAAAAAAAAVI/2J51hct2GaY/S220/20980_499391375499_864110499_11032390_4312601_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_0PzPx8YHCvY/R_kZi7tNU4I/AAAAAAAAALY/-dUxL_Em9PI/s72-c/phylosponges.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>30</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-5838695528919263930</id><published>2008-04-04T19:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-06T00:12:49.496-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia epigenética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ecologia'/><title type='text'>Secuencialidad, ciclos de vida y la perspectiva sistémica de herencia</title><content type='html'>La observación crucial de la teoría de sistemas es que generalmente las propiedades de un sistema no son  la suma aditiva de las propiedades de sus componentes. Al no ser una suma aditiva, no es conmutativa, es decir,  la secuencia temporal en la que se encuentran una serie de componentes es determinante de resultados finales muy diferentes,&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_b55AOdinI/AAAAAAAAAcY/kjh-OKz-vqI/s1600-h/lifecycle.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_b55AOdinI/AAAAAAAAAcY/kjh-OKz-vqI/s400/lifecycle.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5185606778672220786" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  como lo revela la más simple receta de cocina. De esto entonces podemos deducir que las secuencia de eventos y de encuentros son cruciales para los sistemas biológicos, cosa que vemos manifiesta  en su organizada estructura topológica que conduce y canaliza secuencias de  eventos y de encuentros, tanto al interior del propio organismo, como con respecto a su medio.  Es por esto que la perspectiva sistémica, al describir la deriva estructural en la ontogenia de un ser vivo,  o bien la evolución de un linaje particular ,  connota este proceso como un proceso sistémico-histórico, una dinámica  en la cual la secuencia de los eventos es fundamental (importante intuición histórica que Kaufman no logra desprender desde su rudimentario y fallido "reduccionismo de sistemas").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En efecto, la conservación de la autopoiesis,  y la conservación de un fenotipo ontogénico, implica simpre la conservación de una secuencia particular de eventos. En este punto es interesante contrastar este enfoque de secuencialidad  en el tiempo con dos explicaciones clásicas al fenómeno de la herencia. Una, muy actual, sólo es capaz de concebir a la herencia  mediante la noción del templado, es decir  la famosa molécula autoreplicante  del DNA. Los cambios se conservan porque quedan en el templado. A algunos parece incluso que les cuesta imaginarse cualquier otro mecansimo confiable de repetición. La otra explicación , vieja e inmortal, es relegar la repetición del fenotipo a la acción de alguna  entelequia que  como si de algún agente externo se tratara  "guía" el desarrollo como en la ejecución de un plan (Las metáforas de programa y de teleonomía son en esencia lo mismo que la entelequia ya que  no entregan mecanismos).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_b6swOdioI/AAAAAAAAAcg/2tbExXvggWo/s1600-h/image.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_b6swOdioI/AAAAAAAAAcg/2tbExXvggWo/s400/image.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5185607667730451074" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ambas visiones son erradas y adolecen del mismo problema: Pasan por alto la relevancia de la repetición cíclica de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;secuencias&lt;/span&gt; de eventos distribuidas en el tiempo. Queda olvidado el ciclo de vida, una secuencia de eventos  clausurada, que genera condiciones conducentes a su propia repetición.&lt;br /&gt;Un cambio introducido en algún punto del ciclo de vida puede no tener  ninguna consecuencia inmediata. Los efectos pueden manifestarse mucho después, en el surgimiento de la interacción relevante.  El ciclo de vida no  se repite a sí mismo por medio  de un mecanismo directo e inmediato de templado y copia,  ni por el constante influjo de alguna guía enteléquica, sino que al tratarse de un proceso dinámico distribuido en el tiempo, una  "causa" o cambio puede encontrarse distanciada en varios pasos de su efecto,  y aún así participar de la repetición del ciclo como totalidad  y  la repetición de sí misma. Se trata de un mecanismo epigenético de herencia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Es frecuente en animales comprobar la importancia para la conservación de un determinado ciclo de vida del lugar en donde se depositan los huevos y la  interacción con el medio en ciertas "ventanas"  temporales. En el caso del salmón,  varias señales aprendidas en su infancia le llevan después a reconocer y  regresar al río específico donde nació; por ejemplo, si se reubica drásticamente a un salmón, jamás va a optar por otro río, y muere sin reproducirse. Nótese sin embargo que para que ocurra la concatenación cíclica de una secuencia de eventos no se requiere en principio de la participación  de un sistema nervioso. Acordemente,  los ciclos son una forma de repetir eventos y fenotipos que es común a toda la biología,  y no exclusiva a los organismos con sistema nervioso. Incluso a nivel de la fisiología celular,  muy pocas moléculas son directamente autocatalíticas o templados de sí mismas,  sino que son producidas como resultado de pertenecer a una red cíclicamente concatenada. La autopoiesis es claramente una propiedad distribuida en la célula, una relación recíproca entre dinámica molecular interna y membrana, que no puede ser descrita como una relación de templado y copia  como en el caso de la secuencia de ADN.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_h33QOdixI/AAAAAAAAAdo/YwSS-C8lq0k/s1600-h/the_TCA_cycle.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_h33QOdixI/AAAAAAAAAdo/YwSS-C8lq0k/s400/the_TCA_cycle.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5186026762049260306" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Dr Sanders&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-5838695528919263930?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/5838695528919263930/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=5838695528919263930' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5838695528919263930'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5838695528919263930'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/ms-sobre-la-herencia-en-la-perspectiva.html' title='Secuencialidad, ciclos de vida y la perspectiva sistémica de herencia'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_b55AOdinI/AAAAAAAAAcY/kjh-OKz-vqI/s72-c/lifecycle.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-5716128903832235407</id><published>2008-04-03T08:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-29T12:52:08.363-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Dr. Pangloss, um equívoco antigo.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_T8OgOdilI/AAAAAAAAAcI/auc9ktWv_60/s1600-h/dr+pangloss.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5185046397109242450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_T8OgOdilI/AAAAAAAAAcI/auc9ktWv_60/s400/dr+pangloss.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_T8GgOdikI/AAAAAAAAAcA/FiXTQjnp3jw/s1600-h/eremita.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5185046259670288962" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_T8GgOdikI/AAAAAAAAAcA/FiXTQjnp3jw/s400/eremita.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Como todos que freqüentam este espaço já devem conhecer, durante o auge do poder onipotente do neodarwinismo na década de 70, Gould e Lewontin (1979) fizeram uma crítica muito inteligente à essa postura apressada e teleológica de muitos cientistas em atribuir toda e qualquer característica biológica uma explicação adaptativa. A essa maneira única de se pensar, colocando a seleção natural como condição a priori, estes autores chamaram “o Programa Adaptacionista”, ou melhor ainda, Panglossionismo, comparando ironicamente os biólogos atuais ao Dr. Pangloss – o pior filósofo possível, personagem de Voltaire (Figura 1). &lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bem, apesar deste tema não ser nenhuma novidade nos últimos 50 anos de biologia, eu tive uma surpresa ao encontrar uma discussão muito parecida em 1901. No livro “Regeneration” de TH Morgan, ele dedica um capítulo inteiro a discussão do tema &lt;strong&gt;Regenraiton and liability to injury&lt;/strong&gt;. Nesta oportunidade ele discute a idéia de Weismann de que a regeneração seria uma característica moldada pela seleção natural. É que Weismann colocava que a regeneração ocorria principalmente em animais ou partes de animais mais sujeitas a injúria, e por esta relação, deveria ser uma adaptação em sentido darwiniano. Morgan se opunha ferrenhamente (a algumas vezes com desdenho pessoal**) à essa idéia e passa muitas páginas do livro dando exemplos em todos os filos animais mostrando que geralmente não há tal relação, apontada por Weismann, entre poder regenerativo e freqüência de injúria. Talvez o exemplo mais elegante seja sobre a regeneração que passa em todos os apêndices do crustáceo Eremita, independete se são os que permanecem externos (frequentemente quebrados) ou internos e protegidos pela concha (Figura 2). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O mais interessante é que Morgan critica fortemente duas posturas citadas como sendo de Weismann, que na verdade são críticas muito pertinentes ao neodarwinismo que se cristalizaria nas décadas seguintes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Primeiro Morgan reclama do que já seria uma expressão primitiva de Panglossionismo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;“So firm a hold has the Darwinian doctrine of utility over the thoughts of those who have been trained in this school, that whenever it can be shown that a structure or a function is useful to an animal, it is without further question set down as the result of the death struggle for existence. A number of writers, being satisfied that the process of regeneration is useful to the animal, have forthwith supposed that, &lt;strong&gt;therefore&lt;/strong&gt;, it must have been acquired by natural selection”. &lt;/em&gt;(negrito do próprio Morgan).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Em seguida, Morgan faz uma distinção que seria muito confundida posteriormente na doutrina neo-darwinista, entre a seleção natural (num sentido darwiniana, positiva), e uma mera restrição funcional:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“&lt;em&gt;The advocates of such a view overlook a very vital part of the problem. If, for instance, it were found, as the result of a large number of observations, that those animals or parts of animals that were most subject to injury had most highly developed the power to regenerate lost parts, it would by no means follow, as Weismann and other Darwinians claim, that this result must have come about by what they call a process of natural selection. They overlook the possibility that unless these animals had from the beginning the power to regenerate they could not continue to live under the adverse circumstance... Many persons confuse this statement with the theory of natural selection, but the two views are as wide as the poles apart”.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;** Sobre as idéias de Weismann, Morgan disse: “There are no facts that shown that this statement is not entirely imaginary”. O mesmo senso de humor de Gould e Lewontin (1979), sobre o Panglossionismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abraços,&lt;br /&gt;Gustavo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Referencias Bibliograficas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Morgan TH (1901) Regeneration. New York, MacMillan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gould SJ, Lewontin R.: The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc Royal Soc Lond 1979; 205B (1161): 581-598.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-5716128903832235407?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/5716128903832235407/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=5716128903832235407' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5716128903832235407'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/5716128903832235407'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/04/dr-pangloss-um-equvoco-antigo.html' title='Dr. Pangloss, um equívoco antigo.'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_T8OgOdilI/AAAAAAAAAcI/auc9ktWv_60/s72-c/dr+pangloss.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-9178191852115515143</id><published>2008-03-29T15:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-30T17:33:11.222-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='deriva natural'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Phyloepigenetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filoepigénesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Ecomorfología: la estructura supeditada al fenotipo ontogénico.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La ecomorfología hace referencia a la relación entre la morfología de los organismos y el rol ecológico, o modo de vida, que estos experimentan.&lt;br /&gt;A diferencia de la morfología functional, que puede estudiarse en laboratorio, o en el registro fósil, sin necesidad de conocer el contexto natural en el que se desenvuelve el organismo, ya que se centra en la relación entre la estructura y función de un rasgo en particular, la ecomorfología es una aproximación centrada en todos los aspectos del fenotipo, no en algunos rasgos en particular y se sirve de la morfología funcional dándole un contexto biológico.&lt;br /&gt;Por ejemplo la convergencia ocular, i.e., la orientación frontalizada de los ojos, se observa en una gran cantidad de linajes, como en aves nocturnas y/o cazadoras, como también en mamíferos como los carnívoros (placentados y marsupiales) o primates. En alguna medida en roedores nocturnos también se observa un grado de convergencia ocular mayor que en sus linajes hermanos  de actividad diurna (tesis de Tomás Vega).&lt;br /&gt;Cristopher Heesy (2008) analizó cráneos de un gran número (321) de taxa de mamíferos actuales y correlacionó el grado de convergencia con diversos aspectos del modo de vida. Evaluó cuales aspectos del fenotipo ontogénico, como el patrón de  actividad (diurno/nocturno), la preferencia de sustrato (aéreo/arborícola/terrestre) y el grado de faunivoría guardaban relación con el grado de convergencia.&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7A9wOdiTI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/A9GYgMHBiVo/s1600-h/Hessy+2008.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7A9wOdiTI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/A9GYgMHBiVo/s320/Hessy+2008.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183292388300130610" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Fig 1. Campo visual de la ardilla (a,b) y del lémur (c,d). Tomado de  Hessy 2008.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Linajes nocturnos y crepusculares (tanto marsupiales como placentados) mostraron mayor convergencia ocular que los diurnos. Los placentados carnívoros (tanto diurnos como nocturnos) mostraron mayor convergencia que los forrajeros oportunistas o no-carnívoros. Sin embargo, no encontraron asociación entre convergencia y la preferencia de sustrato. Tales resultados son consistentes con el hecho de que la visión binocular permite detectar profundidad (la estereópsis es buena para los depredadores) y aumenta la agudeza visual (nocturnos), mientras que un mayor campo visual, en desmedro de la binocularidad, permite detectar al depredador en espacios abiertos como las praderas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una predicción importante de la filoepigénesis: Similitud en ecomorfologías implican una similitud en los fenotipos ontogénicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por ejemplo en distintos linajes de mamíferos se pueden reconocer varias ecomorfologías, como forma de hormiguero, cola prensil, ojos frontalizados, etc. Lo más iluminador es que en cada linaje uno puede reconocer casi todos los modos de vida asi como sus especializaciones morfológicas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwZwOdiXI/AAAAAAAAAaY/UUTwGK2BVR8/s1600-h/erizos+y+puercoespines.png"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwZwOdiXI/AAAAAAAAAaY/UUTwGK2BVR8/s400/erizos+y+puercoespines.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183696390103861618" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwZwOdiYI/AAAAAAAAAag/7PV--cMWa4g/s1600-h/saltarin+dijo+el+conejo.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwZwOdiYI/AAAAAAAAAag/7PV--cMWa4g/s400/saltarin+dijo+el+conejo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183696390103861634" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwaAOdiZI/AAAAAAAAAao/WdCA3eQPnEA/s1600-h/saltarin+planeador.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwaAOdiZI/AAAAAAAAAao/WdCA3eQPnEA/s400/saltarin+planeador.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183696394398828946" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwaQOdiaI/AAAAAAAAAaw/FEcijdPK7Vs/s1600-h/topos+y+ciegos.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwaQOdiaI/AAAAAAAAAaw/FEcijdPK7Vs/s400/topos+y+ciegos.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183696398693796258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwDgOdiWI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/tbkhknJwl3c/s1600-h/bolita.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R_AwDgOdiWI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/tbkhknJwl3c/s400/bolita.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183696007851772258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7CvQOdiUI/AAAAAAAAAaA/wJ8AQx9n_4U/s1600-h/mammalian+paralelism+ecomorph.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7CvQOdiUI/AAAAAAAAAaA/wJ8AQx9n_4U/s400/mammalian+paralelism+ecomorph.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183294338215283010" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fig 2. Distintos ecomorfotipos ocurren en cada linaje.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De hecho, esto fue la causa de que la filogenia de mamíferos fuera un caos mientras se consideraban rasgos morfológicos en las reconstrucciones: todos los linajes tenian todos los ecomorfotipos, por lo que no fue hasta el advenimiento de reconstrucciones basadas en eventos moleculares raros que se pudo tener un esquema más claro de la filogenia de mamiferos existentes (ver Springer et al 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo más bello de todo es que esta ubicuidad de modos de vida y morfos similares también ha ocurrido en tiempos remotos, a modo de experimentos evolutivos en linajes ancestrales de igual manera que en linajes actuales, como la siguiente figura aparecida en el paper de Zhe-Xi Luo (2007), el cual es tan iluminador que merecería su post propio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7EOAOdiVI/AAAAAAAAAaI/x0bBBQ83sHo/s1600-h/luo+fig+2+early+mammals"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7EOAOdiVI/AAAAAAAAAaI/x0bBBQ83sHo/s400/luo+fig+2+early+mammals" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183295966007888210" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fig 3. Experimentos evolutivos de mamíferos del Mesozoico y su convergencia ecológica con ecomorfotipos de mamíferos modernos. Ecomorfos: a) terrestre insectivoro/omnivoro, b) Carnivoro/omnivoro semiacuático, c) carnivoro oportunista/terrestre, d) fosorial, cavador/hormiguero, e) trepador/insectívoro, f) planeador/omnívoro. En celeste: Jurásico, rosa: Cretásico temprano, blanco: actual.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abrazos,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rodrigo Suárez.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wainwright PC (1991) Ecomorphology: Experimental Functional Anatomy for Ecological Problems. American Zoologist; 31(4):680-693&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bock WJ (1994) Concepts and methods in ecomorphology. J. Biosci.; 19(4):403-413.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hessy CP (2008) Ecomorphology of orbit orientation and the adaptive significance of binocular vision in primates and other mammals. Brain Behav Evol;71(1):54-67.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Luo ZX (2007) Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. &lt;abbr class="journalname" title="Nature"&gt;Nature&lt;/abbr&gt;;&lt;span class="volume"&gt;450&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="issue"&gt;7172&lt;/span&gt;):&lt;span class="pages"&gt;1011-9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-9178191852115515143?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/9178191852115515143/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=9178191852115515143' title='15 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9178191852115515143'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/9178191852115515143'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/ecomorfologa-una-aproximacin-la-idea-de.html' title='Ecomorfología: la estructura supeditada al fenotipo ontogénico.'/><author><name>Nucleo Decenio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01966542558503652729</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2156/3462/1600/Decenio.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_IMlAMAeBm4M/R-7A9wOdiTI/AAAAAAAAAZ4/A9GYgMHBiVo/s72-c/Hessy+2008.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-2824690243531000286</id><published>2008-03-27T11:49:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-27T18:42:59.569-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Phyloepigenetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>Phyloepigenetics II: Reversión de troglomorfismos en especies hypógeas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sé que había prometido un ejemplo de dinosaurios, ya viene pronto pero por ahora acabo de comprarme un nuevo scanner así es que  aprovecho de probarlo y compartir con uds esta impresionante foto que es a la vez un ejemplo magnífico de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;phyloepigenetics&lt;/span&gt;, (lo que &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/lewontin-is-criticized-and.html"&gt;acá&lt;/a&gt; bautizamos como diferencias epigenéticas entre especies), llevado a la comprobación experimental. La salamandra &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Proteus &lt;/span&gt;vive en las cavernas y por lo general tiene ojos vestigiales, apenas presentes, además de un color notablemente pálido&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-wB-JvYgcI/AAAAAAAAARg/ls5CSJExav4/s1600-h/Proteus.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-wB-JvYgcI/AAAAAAAAARg/ls5CSJExav4/s400/Proteus.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182519438474772930" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La salamandra de abajo también es &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Proteus&lt;/span&gt; pero ha sido crecida bajo un régimen de exposiciones a la luz. Como ven se parece bastante más a las especies de salamandras que viven fuera de las cavernas, desarrollando el ojo y además un sensual tono bronceado.  Un detalle interesante: este experimento se hace con luz roja, ya que con luz normal la epidermis sobre el ojo se pigmenta con fuerza e impide que la luz incida en él. Otra cosa; este experimento ha sido repetido por distintos investigadores, figurando en algunos libros de texto. Lo que rara vez se menciona es que el primero en hacerlo fue Paul Kammerer (de cuyo libro saqué la imagen). Y bueno, para los que puedan tenerle desconfianza a Kammerer, abajo tienen un experimento parecido, comparando la respuesta a la luz de peces hypógeos con la de peces de la superficie, e híbridos entre los dos; podemos ver que hay un efecto epigenético en las diferencias; crecidos con luz los ojitos del pez hypógeo son bastante más notorios, y los peces de superficie presentan ojos más pequeños si se crecen sin luz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-wFdpvYgdI/AAAAAAAAARo/tFahBUCi-pA/s1600-h/fiheyes.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-wFdpvYgdI/AAAAAAAAARo/tFahBUCi-pA/s400/fiheyes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182523278175535570" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aunque sin duda hay un componente genético, también es indudable que hay un componente epigenético. No es necesario negar el componente genético. La esencia del desafío a Lewontin, es que sí existe un nivel no-genético de causalidad de diferencias evolutivas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ref:&lt;br /&gt;Romero A, Green SM. (2005) The end of regressive evolution: examining and interpreting the evidence from cave fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 67, 3–32&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-2824690243531000286?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/2824690243531000286/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=2824690243531000286' title='9 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2824690243531000286'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/2824690243531000286'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/phyloepigenetics-ii-reversin-del.html' title='Phyloepigenetics II: Reversión de troglomorfismos en especies hypógeas'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-wB-JvYgcI/AAAAAAAAARg/ls5CSJExav4/s72-c/Proteus.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-8898022398253180175</id><published>2008-03-25T18:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:29:16.780-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia.'/><title type='text'>Population genetics &amp; game theory are not "The logic of life"</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The theoretical disciplines of population genetics and game theory are upheld by neodarwinians as general explanatory frameworks for the study of evolution. These provide explanations that do not require understanding of development, physiology, and practically all mechanistic causation  at an organismic level, even if these are acknowledged to be crucial. All organism-level  mechanisms can be taken as simple "givens" imposed from the outside as from a completely mysterious black box.&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-mvrZvYgYI/AAAAAAAAARA/nWlh30Xrtbk/s1600-h/blinders_on.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 104px; height: 161px;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-mvrZvYgYI/AAAAAAAAARA/nWlh30Xrtbk/s320/blinders_on.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181866006445326722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This divorce and alienation of organismic biology from "evolutionary theory" was philosophically formalized by Ernst Mayr. To Mayr, any study at the organismic level, for instance of   physiology, or developmental  mechanisms, can only answer  "how" questions of immediate mechanism; whereas evolutionary science is in charge of a different level of analysis of "why" questions and "ultimate"  causation (by long-term selection, of course). Immediate mechanism apparently could be "whatever". Mayr then manages to make evolutionary science autonomous as a discipline....but only by means of turning its back on organismic biology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The effect is disastrous. Neodarwinists have become addicted to attaching ad-hoc explanations to simply "given" organismal  conditions, and destine all that level of causation to a wastepaper basket labeled "NON-evolutionary proximal mechanisms". Indeed the implication is that proximal mechanism is not an important part of  properly "evolutionary" explanation. But then, if there is no general theory for biology&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; with no theoretical notions about all that biology that is going on at organismal level, how can a neodarwinist claim to have found a general framework for &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;evolutionary&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;biology&lt;/span&gt;? &lt;span&gt;Indeed, is it even  possible to have a general theory for evolution,  without having a general theory for biology? &lt;/span&gt;A truly satisfactory evolutionary theoretical framework &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;requires&lt;/span&gt; good theoretical grounds for handling the organismic level, rather than a philosophical argument to ignore it. Truth is, neodarwinists have no &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;theory of organism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;That something is wrong  with the "autonomy" of "evolutionary" science surfaces in many details. Consider, for instance, just how impervious the general frameworks of  population genetics and game theory are to any data input from other fields of research, and specially so the more historical such as phylogenetic systematics. Consider, for instance, just how useless population genetics is to explain how reptilian jaw bones ended in the mammalian middle ear. The analogy in physics would perhaps be a theoretical physics-cosmology  that won't take any lesson from astronomy and is not too helpful to explain any astronomical phenomenon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast, the systemic -historic perspective fully acknowledges and further emphasizes the historical nature  of evolutionary explanations. Plus, we have the notion of autopoiesis for the  theoretical handling  of the organism level...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-8898022398253180175?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/8898022398253180175/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=8898022398253180175' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8898022398253180175'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/8898022398253180175'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/population-genetics-is-not-general.html' title='Population genetics &amp; game theory are not &quot;The logic of life&quot;'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-mvrZvYgYI/AAAAAAAAARA/nWlh30Xrtbk/s72-c/blinders_on.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3380604449181240902</id><published>2008-03-22T23:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-24T19:30:02.603-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia epigenética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='darwinismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nicho ontogénico'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='100% posts in ENGLISH'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='herencia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epigenesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='comportamiento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Whereupon Lewontin is criticized, and "Phyloepigenetics" is born</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In "The triple helix" Lewontin seems to contradict himself a bit on the importance of genes. Consider this  paragraph:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Of course it is true that lions look different from lambs and chimps and humans because they have different genes, and a &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;satisfactory &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;explanation&lt;/span&gt; for the differences between lions, lambs, chimps and us &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;need not involve other causal factors&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;(Italics are mine)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since Lewontin in his next breath talks quite a bit about the importance of environment and random noise in development,  we are forced to wonder why they would  not count as causal factors when it comes to explaining inter-species differences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I suspect this is the result of a typically neodarwinian mistake born from the circular logic of their definition of evolution. Because "evolution is genetic change of populations", when observing a difference that is species-level (evolutionary) they get confused and think they can assume that difference to be the result of  natural selection for genetic mutations (unless it is a very obviously a non-adaptive difference, in which case it is still genetic mutations, and drift rather than selection) . This argument  in fact is repeatedly encountered in the discussion over whether human "intelligence genes" exist or not.  "Evolutionary" psychologists (ultradarwinians) argue that the fact the human brain has evolved from smaller,  less-smart brains  like those of  other apes implies natural selection for "intelligence genes" must have occurred in the human line, and thus that genes capable of increasing fitness through intelligence must indeed exist (The fact being that their effects are difficult to detect. Only using lots of data, statistical correlations for only very small increases in IQ scores is all that is  ever detected for an alleged "intelligence gene)"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This argument, that seems so impeccable to those accustomed to thinking with a neodarwinian cap,  can be exposed for the misleading definition-game it is  when we stop to analize a few case-studies.  The human trait of bipedism for instance. Below is the photograph of one of two "wolf girls", Amala and kamala, that were raised by wolves in India and then "rescued" into civilization  in the 1920's. Extensive written and photographic documentation were produced by the priest who took care of them. As you can see in the photograph, the girls used quadrupedal, rather than bipedal, locomotion. The priest tried hard but made little progress training them into walking like people. They did not speak and and had obviously subnormal cognitive capacities for human standards .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-YAT5vYgVI/AAAAAAAAAQo/k7igtxMGm1E/s1600-h/amala.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-YAT5vYgVI/AAAAAAAAAQo/k7igtxMGm1E/s400/amala.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180828763253408082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You  would think that genetic influences over general human anatomical structure would be sufficient to lead to bipedality. However, let us remember that in our ontogeny we do, in fact, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;learn&lt;/span&gt; to walk bipedally.  This important difference between humans and other animals seems to not come about without an appropiate context, provided by interactions among humans, which are in fact required for preserving the behavior of bipedal walking .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let's talk about symbolic language, another difference between hum&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-bVkZvYgXI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/CQ1rJitcry8/s1600-h/Koko_Vocab_4Signs.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 211px; height: 232px;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-bVkZvYgXI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/CQ1rJitcry8/s320/Koko_Vocab_4Signs.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181063242697965938" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ans and other species. Beyond  Amala and Kamala,  it is clear from numerous  documented cases of feral or cruel upbringing of children, that children deprived from human interaction will not learn to speak  and will develop a severely  subnormal intelligence. But perhaps more interesting is the reverse experiment, that is, not only is it possible that a human may not learn to speak despite of any "language genes", but also,  it is a fact that non-human primates can learn sign language and use it to communicate, despite any &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;lack&lt;/span&gt; of "language genes". In this case, an important part of that species difference has been phenocopied in the other species, once again, with the aid of an adequate environmental context.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, there definitely is an epigenetic component to the explanation of cross-species differences. A purely genetic causation could never be a satisfactory explanation. We will find that, as we compare the terminal taxa of a phylogentic tree, we will be able to see  nodes in which clearly different epigenetic conditions  have become established and can be directly responsible for great phenotypic differences or &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;epigenetic apomorphies&lt;/span&gt; ; the sublime confirmation of everything is, of course, the experimental phenocopy or reversal through alteration of the suspect epigenetic factor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I can think of several confirmed examples from non-human organisms and simple phenotypic traits, as well as several epigenetic  hypotheses that have never been discussed before as explanations of differences between species, perhaps for lack of a more formal approach. I thus  propose we begin by calling this approach  &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Phyloepigenetics&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The intention of this post is to start several posts where we will be studying and discussing probable cases of  epigenetic differences at the species-level, and thus make ourselves with a litte more "cultural baggage" to defend this new approach.  I invite everyone to share examples!! I will soon be posting one about ...dinosaurs! Phyloepigenetics can be paleo, too.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reference:&lt;br /&gt;Lewontin, R. 2000 The triple Helix: Gene, Organism and Environment. Harvard University Press.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3380604449181240902?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3380604449181240902/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3380604449181240902' title='17 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3380604449181240902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3380604449181240902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/lewontin-is-criticized-and.html' title='Whereupon Lewontin is criticized, and &quot;Phyloepigenetics&quot; is born'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-YAT5vYgVI/AAAAAAAAAQo/k7igtxMGm1E/s72-c/amala.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>17</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-7322132751568572982</id><published>2008-03-22T08:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-12-25T18:20:55.735-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filogenia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evo-devo'/><title type='text'>La nueva filogenómica animal: Historial de vaticinios</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-XQI5vYgUI/AAAAAAAAAQc/X8we7S6awtI/s1600-h/dunn.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-XQI5vYgUI/AAAAAAAAAQc/X8we7S6awtI/s400/dunn.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180775797716713794" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Dunn et al. 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ya en un anterior post sobre &lt;a href="http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2007/04/chascarros-filogeneticos.html"&gt;chascarros filogenéticos&lt;/a&gt; me había dedicado, como buen "Ayatola" de la cladística, a fustigar algunos trabajos hedionditos de filogenómica publicados en Science y Nature (Rokas et al 2005, Delsuc et al 2006). La  idea de la filogenómica es comparar la mayor cantidad de genes posible. El problemita es que se suele dejar fuera del análisis a bichos clave para los cuales no existe la información sobre tantos genes. Es sabido que el muestreo taxonómico es crucial a la topología del árbol en cualquier análisis filogenético. Por eso, cuando se publican trabajos con muestreos taxonómicos incompletos y luego se presentan sus conclusiones como  "revolucionarias", no podemos sino inferir que tanto autores como revisores parecen haberse engañado de que tener una gran cantidad de genes no sólo es buena excusa para deja fuera taxa cruciales, sino que aún, debe ser mejor que estudios donde hay una mejor muestra taxonómica pero uno o pocos  genes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Bueno, ahora salió este trabajito, Dunn et al. 2008  donde hacen filogenómica de una abultada lista de genes, ahora sí, con buen muestreo taxonómico, CASI perfecto diría yo. Tengo la satisfacción de ver cumplidos en gran medida mis vaticinios previos.&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-WOFJvYgMI/AAAAAAAAAPc/15C-ogCQ-yA/s1600-h/crystal+ball.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 228px; height: 208px;" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-WOFJvYgMI/AAAAAAAAAPc/15C-ogCQ-yA/s200/crystal+ball.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180703165524771010" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  Desaparecen las politomías que Sean Carrol estaba tratando tan torpemente de utilizar como evidencia de algún tipo de "explosión evolutiva" (Rokas et al. 2005). En el olvido quedó aquella aberrante unión entre equinodermos y cefalocordados del otro estudio aquél (Delsuc et al. 2006). Una cuestión que venía molestándome hace AÑOS era  la posición de los gusanos planos Acoela, problemática en la evidencia molecular. Su simplificada  morfología es considerada por algunos como ideal representante de los primeros bilateria, idea que no comparto ya que son muchas nuestras semejanzas embriológicas y de plan corporal con medusas y ctenóforos no compartidas con estos gusanitos. Distintos análisis moleculares los colocaban, unos como protostomos derivados, junto a los platyhelmynthes, otros como el grupo hermano de los bilateria. Esta última parecía  imponerse como conclusión repetida de todos los analisis más recientes, hasta me venía resignando a pensar que al menos dio grupo hermano y no bilateria anidada dentro de acoela, lo cual permitía insistir "aún"  que su  simple morfología podía no ser primitiva sino una simplificación secundaria.&lt;br /&gt;Bueno, pues el nuevo estudio filogenómico de Dunn los coloca como protostomos derivados, si bien no platyhelmiynthes (y aún con afinidades específicas inciertas). Lo que esto significa es que hasta el día de  hoy no existe ninguna evidencia comparativa-filogenética  para defender la idea de que los primeros bilateria eran gusanos planos sin cavidades corporales (los acoela no tienen ni estómago, si mal no recuerdo). Se confirma además la posición de los Chaetognatha como una de las ramas más basales de protostomos. Esto significa que permanece vigente la posibilidad de que los primeros bilateria hayan presentado adultos nadadores, como ya lo sugerían Vargas y Aboitiz (2005) como alternativa  a la idea de un gusano plano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Algunos recordarán la molestia que manifesté con los estudios filogenómicos previos que agrupaban a urocordados y vertebrados. Este resultado fue transmitido con bombos y platillos y hace poco tuve la patética experiencia de asistir  a la reunion de la SICB (Society for integrative and comparative biology) y ver en como 5 diapositivas  de distintos grupos de investigación la incorporación de esta "corrección"... ya es  todo un jodido nuevo paradigma, parece que ningún merme siquiera osó cuestionar un Nature. Puaj...Si hicieran las tareas sabrían que el único estudio reciente con un muestreo decente si bien imperfecto (Bourlat et al 2006)  encontró que el genoma mitocondrial apoya decididamente la hipótesis clásica que agrupa a vertebrados con cefalocordados.  &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-XCOpvYgTI/AAAAAAAAAQU/6yYVh4fxhxo/s1600-h/Bourlat.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp1.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-XCOpvYgTI/AAAAAAAAAQU/6yYVh4fxhxo/s400/Bourlat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180760503338172722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;                                                                                                 Bourlat et al. 2006,: datos mitocondriales con un muestreo decente de cordados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Es cierto que sucesivos estudios filogenómicos de genes nucleares, como el de Dunn, han vuelto a recuperar el nodo urocordados+vertebrados; pero en cada nuevo estudio filogenómico, la mayor cantidad de datos y taxa,  más que sumar apoyo para esa hipótesis, la ha ido debilitando. Nótese que en este trabajo, el bootstrap value para ese nodo es uno de los más cagones: apenas&gt;70%, el más bajo hasta ahora. Siendo uno de los resultados más esperados, sea para confirmar o refutar,  el texto de Dunn et al. 2008 guarda un sepulcral silencio sobre este "famoso" nodo. De todas formas, el estudio de Dunn no está habilitado para atacar esta pregunta específica; Dunn sólo tiene al ascidio Cyona, ser humano, pollo y amphioxus...ningun estudio hasta el momento ha incluido a algún  appendicularia (ej. &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Oikopleura&lt;/span&gt;) que son con toda probabilidad ramas de urocordados basales.  Aquí,  su ayatola de la cladística les vaticina que  si se hacen los estudios filogenómicos de cordados con un mejor muestreo taxonómico,  seguirán debilitando ese nodo espúreo y probablemente, acaben por apoyar la hipótesis clásica, junto a la morfología y el genoma mitocondrial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resumiendo: después de un montón de "revoluciones" de cartón, cuando se hace como corresponde, la filogenómica  a la larga confirma muchos resultados de cuidadosos estudios previos (por ejemplo, Peterson y Eernisse 2001) que usaron rasgos morfológicos combinados quizás con un sólo gen (típicamente el del RNA ribosomal 18s),  pero bien escogido (con una tasa de mutación adecuada) ,  y con un buen  muestreo taxonómico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De a poco se va reconociendo un patrón. Cuando ocurre uno de los famosos "choques"  entre evidencia molecular "de punta", con una robusta conclusión morfológica, con frecuencia ha sido demostrado que es resultado de un pobre muestreo taxonómico de los datos moleculares; la otra fuente de artefacto está provisto por el hecho establecido de que hay taxa  "excepcionales" cuya evolución molecular es anómala y que  no sólo son difíciles de situar sino que además obscurecen las afinidades de los otros grupos, por ejemplo, por  "long-branch" taxa, que por "long-branch attraction"  tienden a agruparse artficialmente con otros grupos. De hecho en el análisis de Dunn nada menos que 13 de los 77 taxa originalmente utilizados tenían posición inestable. Estos no se incluyeron en la figura del arbolito, de 64 taxa, pero sí en el cálculo del bootstrap support de cada nodo. La verdad es que hace mucho tiempo que se sabe que los urocordados son ultra long-branch. Ya está bueno de tanta ingenuidad aparente con esta reconocidad fuente de error.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un último comentario y termino con mi soporífero e interminable sermón. El estudio de Dunn et al presenta a los ctenóforos como grupo hermano de todos los demás metazoa; &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;incluyendo las esponjas. &lt;/span&gt;Algo así está como para pensar que o bien las esponjas descienden de una gelatina, o que a partir de una condición de esponja la condición de epiteliozoo  fue adquirida en tres ocasiones diferentes  por ctenóforos, cnidarios y bilateria. En cualquier caso estamos hablando de cientos de reversiones en  los poriferos o cientos de convergencias en los demás linajes, una historia morfológica nada muy parsimoniosa (en chileno: una reverenda weá).  Dunn et al. reconocen que "This result, which has not been postulated before, should be viewed as provisional until more data are considered from placozoans and additional sponges". Efectivamente, el gran ausente en la fiesta de Dunn et al. es el phylum Placozoa, crucial si vamos a comparar esponjas con los demás. Pese al evidente agujero, Dunn et al. se muestran aún bastante dispuestos a creer que han descubierto una pulenta evidencia de que debemos repensar todo lo que sabemos sobre evolución de animales tempranos para incluir radicales convergencias o desparición sin rastros de cientos de rasgos derivados.&lt;br /&gt;Revolución, o artefacto? Uds ya se imaginarán la opinión, y predicción del Ayatola...La historia morfológica más parsimoniosa es que los epiteliozoos son monofiléticos y los ctenóforos probablemente el grupo hermano de bilateria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-W9e5vYgPI/AAAAAAAAAP0/rBxRwtX9ru0/s1600-h/vargas%26aboitz.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-W9e5vYgPI/AAAAAAAAAP0/rBxRwtX9ru0/s400/vargas%26aboitz.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180755284952908018" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Lo que pensaba en Vargas y Aboitiz (2005), y que  sigo pensando hoy en día.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referencias:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bourlat SJ et al. (2006) Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic&lt;br /&gt;chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature 444: 85-88&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Delsuc, F. et al. (2006) Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives&lt;br /&gt;of vertebrates. Nature 439, 965–968&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dunn, C. et al. (2008) Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of&lt;br /&gt;the animal tree of life. Nature  doi:10.1038/nature06614 (publicación previa online)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peterson, K. J., and Eernisse, D. J. (2001). Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA sequences. Evo. &amp;amp; Devo. 3: 170–205.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rokas, A., Kruger, D. &amp;amp; Carroll, S. B. (2005) Animal evolution and the molecular signature of radiations compressed in time. Science 310: 1933–1938.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vargas, A, and Aboitiz, F. (2005) &lt;a href="http://f1.grp.yahoofs.com/v1/oDpUSdU57d76HSdn3-C3rYK4Jm4jrnBoADWTkyXfLT-p9KwRKVOATRAY0nVtDKa5qjIgdDbNHcHU3nnD82BB6w/Vargas%26Aboitiz2005.pdf"&gt;How ancient is the adult swimming capacity in the lineage leading to Euchordates? &lt;/a&gt;Evo.  &amp;amp; Devo. 7:  171-174&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-7322132751568572982?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/7322132751568572982/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=7322132751568572982' title='7 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7322132751568572982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/7322132751568572982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/la-nueva-filogenmica-animal-historial.html' title='La nueva filogenómica animal: Historial de vaticinios'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-XQI5vYgUI/AAAAAAAAAQc/X8we7S6awtI/s72-c/dunn.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-3380986977681683674</id><published>2008-03-21T18:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-22T01:19:06.397-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teleología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='autopoiesis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adaptacion'/><title type='text'>Varela y la "Teleología interna"</title><content type='html'>Estoy leyendo el trabajo de Weber y Varela (2002). El tipo de teleología que plantean es, como es de esperar, diferente al típico. Conserva la noción de propósito, pero no es un propósito "externo" como es el adaptacionismo que se  intenta explicar con la teleonomía y selección natural, sino que se inspiran en un propósito interno intrínseco que dicen permite hablar de "propósitos naturales" en sistemas con auto-organización. Esto se inspira directamente en Kant : "A thing exists as a natural purpose if it is both cause and effect of itself". Como los sistemas autopoiéticos se auto-producen, estaría, pues, provistos de propósito "natural".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta perpectiva es comprensible,  pero sospecho que continúa habiendo algo genuinamente erróneo en toda noción de propósito o final, con el ya mencionado potencial de "ceguera" que produce introducir una noción explicativa  que pasa por alto los mecanismos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La verdad es que ya en el 2000 cuando compré mi flamante copia de "El fenómeno de la vida" (que hoy se me cae a pedazos) me había quedado de ceño fruncido con este párrafo de Varela:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"La fuente de esta creacion-de-mundos es siempre un quiebre en la autopoiesis ,  &lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-R03JvYgII/AAAAAAAAAO8/XknYolOgLp0/s1600-h/Varela.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-R03JvYgII/AAAAAAAAAO8/XknYolOgLp0/s400/Varela.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180393962239197314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;sea menor como los cambios de concentración de un metabolizado, o mayor como la ruptura de los bordes.  Debido a la naturaleza misma de la autopoiesis, -ilustrada por la reparación de la membrana  en el ejemplo mínimo simulado más arriba- todo quiebre puede verse como el inicio de una acción, por parte del sistema &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;sobre lo que falta,  de manera que se mantenga la identidad&lt;/span&gt;. Repito: no hay una teleología implícita en este "de manera que": esto es lo que implica la lógica autorreferencial de la autopoiesis, en primer lugar. La acción se hará visible como un intento de modificar su mundo: cambio de lugar de diferentes nutrientes, aumento de la corriente de un metabolizado por síntesis metabólica, etc."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Énfasis en cursiva lo puse yo.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aunque en esa ocasión Varela negó la teleología de la boca hacia afuera, creo que está claro que  ya estaba pensando teleológicamente, lo que luego lo llevó a decidir asimilar el término,  en vez de negarlo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pero tomemos el ejemplo mínimo de la  ruptura  y regeneración de la membrana celular. La descripción de Varela me parece que no aplica correctamente la noción sistémica de adaptación.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si se produjera un auténtico quiebre de la autopoiesis, el sistema se desintegraría. La pérdida de un trozo de menbrana y su posterior regeneración no representa una interacción destructiva, con pérdida de la organización autopoiética, sino que corresponde a  una perturbación. La clave: La mebrana no regenera "de manera que"  se mantenga la identidad,  o con el "propósito" de conservar la autopoiesis; más bien, la membrana regenera como consecuencia de que la autopoiesis aún existe, no se ha interrumpido y las relaciones productivas distribuidas, propias de  la autopoiesis,   rápidamente regeneran la membrana. Si el trozo de mebrana perdido fuera lo suficientemente grande, la organización autopoiética resulta desarticulada y tenemos que el ser vivo sencillamente se desintegra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El hecho de que cualquier fenómeno con clausura operacional pueda describirse como a la  vez causa y efecto de sí mismo no consituye una verdadera violación del orden cósmico de causalidad temporal.&lt;br /&gt;Lo que ocurre en un ser vivo no ocurre con el propósito de conservar la autopoiesis, así como tampoco ocurre con el propósito de  pasar los genes a la generación siguiente (la teleonomía de Monod).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ref:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Varela, F. 2000. El fenómeno de la vida. Dolmen Ediciones&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weber A y Varela F. 2002. Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoietic foundations of biological individuality. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1: 97–125.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-3380986977681683674?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/3380986977681683674/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=3380986977681683674' title='9 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3380986977681683674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/3380986977681683674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/2008/03/varela-y-la-teleologa.html' title='Varela y la &quot;Teleología interna&quot;'/><author><name>A. Vargas</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04876504431768677209</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_2dVkL887bcA/SVfOQWKdzeI/AAAAAAAAApE/7rtDuq4tVbs/S220/Vargaas.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-R03JvYgII/AAAAAAAAAO8/XknYolOgLp0/s72-c/Varela.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31775867.post-4861547037697377226</id><published>2008-03-19T21:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-03-22T00:21:32.608-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='teleología'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sistemas'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><title type='text'>Leyes sistémicas, según Maturana</title><content type='html'>Aquí va el&lt;a href="http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/pub/hvf/papers/maturana05selfconsciousness.html"&gt; link &lt;/a&gt;a un trabajo de Humberto Maturana,  "a penultimate version of&lt;a href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals/kyb/jourinfo.htm" target="_blank"&gt; Kybernetes&lt;/a&gt; vol.34, &lt;a href="http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/pub/hvf/"&gt;nos. 1/2&lt;/a&gt;, 2005 pp. 54-88"&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, donde  plantea  algunas "leyes sistémicas":&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Systemic law: 1. Whenever an observer distinguishes a collection of elements that are interconnected in a way such that if he or she acts on one of them acts on all, the observer distinguishes a system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to this systemic law whatever encounters an organism may have as a molecular system triggers in it a flow of molecular changes that extends through it. The way in which this flow of molecular changes happens in any particular organisms depends at any instant, on the dynamic molecular architecture of the organism at that instant. At the same time this systemic law connotes the spontaneous constitution of systems through the operational coherence of their components.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Systemic law: 2. Whenever in a collection of elements a configuration of relations begins to be conserved, a space is opened for all to change around the configuration of relations being conserved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to this systemic law the conservation of a particular configuration of relations in a collection of elements results in that such collection of elements arises as a totality in a relational space defined by a dynamic border that arises through the conservation of the configuration of relations conserved&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-HoVZvYgHI/AAAAAAAAAO0/v4VTJWw3Q_Q/s1600-h/humberto.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_2dVkL887bcA/R-HoVZvYgHI/AAAAAAAAAO0/v4VTJWw3Q_Q/s200/humberto.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5179676500837302386" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Systemic law: 3. Nothing occurs in the operation of the cosmos in general, or in the operation of living systems in particular, because the consequences of that operation are or may be in any way necessary for its occurrence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to this systemic law, teleological explanatory notions can only be accepted as metaphoric evocations of the understanding of the observer, not as characterisations of the operation of the processes being explained. As such teleological notions sooner than later generate domains of blindness for the newcomers if they are not protected by their understanding.&lt;/p&gt;¿Qué tal les parece? ¿Observaciones?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/31775867-4861547037697377226?l=nucleodecenio.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nucleodecenio.blogspot.com/feeds/4861547037697377226/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=31775867&amp;postID=4861547037697377226' title='6 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4861547037697377226'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/31775867/posts/default/4861547037697377226'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nucle
